Table 4. Recommendations of the Cancer and Genetics Group and the French National Institute of Cancer concerning gene panel analyses in the context of a hereditary predisposition to breast and ovarian cancers (Adapted from [57]).

Gene	Cytogenetic location	Penetrance	Protein functions	Cumulate risk of breast cancer	References
BRCA1	17q21.31	High	Repair of DNA double-strand breaks using homologous recombination, cell cycle control, maintaining of genome integrity	46–87% lifetime risk	[88, 89]
BRCA2	13q13.1	High	Repair of DNA double-strand breaks using homologous recombination	38–84% lifetime risk	[88, 90]
PALB2	16p12.2	Moderate	Partner of BRCA2 and regulator of its stability and its nuclear localization	35% at 70 years	[91, 92]
TP53	17p13.1	High	Transcription Factor, cellular cycle, apoptosis, senescence, DNA Repair	80% life-time risk (premenopausal)	[93, 94]
CDH1	16q22.1	Moderate	E-cadherin, cellular adhesion molecule	39–52% before 40 years (lobular cancer)	[95, 96]
PTEN	10q23.31	High	Tumor phosphatase suppressor inhibiting PI3K and MAPK pathways	25–50% lifetime risk	[97, 98]
RAD51C	17q22	Moderate	Repair of DNA using homologous recombination in interaction with BRCA1/2	Not known	[99–102]
RAD51D	17q12	Moderate	Repair of DNA using homologous recombination and maintaining of telomere	Not known	[103–105]
MLH1	3p22.2	High	Mismatch repair system	5–18%	[106–111]
MSH2	2p21-p16
MSH6	2p16.3	Moderate		Not known
PMS2	7p22.1
EPCAM	2p21		Partner of MSH2