Table 1.

Bivariate analyses of the characteristics of the Growing Up in Scotland birth cohort study sample, followed from 10 months to 8 years (2004/2005–2013/2014, N = 2816)

Measures	Overall (%)	Poverty line (£11,000/year)		0 ACEsb by age 8 years (%)	< 3 ACEsb by age 8 years (%)
		Above (%) N = 2232	Below (%) N = 584
Overall	1.00	79	21	43	91
Household income
Below poverty line (< £11,000)	21	0	100	12***	76***
Above poverty line (≥ £11,000)	79	100	0	47***	95***
Sex of child
Female	48	78*	22*	46**	93***
Male	52	81*	19*	40**	90***
Mother’s age at birth of child
≥ 20 years	82	84***	16***	46***	96***
< 20 years	18	37***	63***	17***	73***
Mother’s ethnicity
White	97	80***	20***	43	91
Visible minority	3	59***	41***	45	91
Mother’s educational attainment
< Highers	72	86***	14***	47***	82***
Highers, vocational, or degree certificate	28	51***	49***	24***	94***
Employment during pregnancy
Ever employed	74	87***	14***	46***	93***
Not employed	26	52***	48***	31***	84***
Area of residence
Urban	79	78***	22***	41***	91**
Rural	21	83***	17***	48***	94**
Absence of housing deprivation
Yes	86	82***	18***	44***	92***
No	14	63***	38***	32***	87***
Proximity to parka
Yes	92	67	33	34	86
No	8	65	35	36	89
Perceived adequate access to transportation
Yes	80	83***	17***	46***	93***
No	20	60***	40***	27***	83***
Breastfeeding education
Yes	74	81***	19***	45***	92**
No	26	74***	27***	36***	89**
Perceive adequate access to childcare
Yes	59	85***	15***	45**	92
No	41	71***	29***	40**	90

*Indicates a p value Chi square statistic of less than 0.05

**Indicates p value of Chi square statistic of less than 0.01

***Indicates p value of Chi square statistic of less than 0.001

^aData are restricted to those living in urban settings (n = 2104)

^b“ACEs” refer to adverse childhood experiences