Table 2.
Inverse probability-weighted cumulative incidence and risk differences (RD) of 1 or more adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), or of 3 or more ACEs by age 8 years in households above and below the poverty line in the Growing Up in Scotland birth cohort (followed from 10 months to 8 years, 2004/2005–2013/2014, N = 2816), according to access to housing, public parks or play parks, transportation, breastfeeding education, and childcare
| Proportion with 1 more ACEs by age 8 years (%) | Proportion with 3 or more ACEs by age 8 years (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Below poverty line N = 584 |
Above poverty line N = 2232 |
Below poverty line N = 584 |
Above poverty line N = 2232 |
|
| Housing | ||||
| Yes | 82.8% | 49.5% | 25.3% | 4.2% |
| No (reference) | 82.3% | 59.5% | 24.0% | 7.5% |
| RD% (95% CI)a | 0.5 (− 7.8, 8.9) | − 10.0 (− 14.4, − 5.7) | 1.4 (− 3.2, 5.9) | − 3.3 (− 4.7, − 1.9) |
| Park proximityb | ||||
| Yes | 86.3% | 52.2% | 28.1% | 4.9% |
| No | 88.3% | 51.1% | 24.1% | 3.4% |
| RD% (95% CI)a | − 2.1 (− 12.1, 7.8) | 1.0 (− 4.1, 6.2) | 4.0 (− 1.3, 9.5) | 1.5 (0.0, 3.0) |
| Transportation | ||||
| Yes | 80.0% | 48.8% | 21.8% | 4.2% |
| No | 91.0% | 62.8% | 29.8% | 8.1% |
| RD% (95% CI)a | − 11.0 (− 19.9, − 2.2) | − 13.9 (− 18.6, − 9.3) | − 8.0 (− 12.9, − 3.2) | − 3.9 (− 5.5, − 2.4) |
| Breastfeeding education | ||||
| Yes | 80.6% | 48.6% | 22.3% | 4.6% |
| No | 87.8% | 57.1% | 25.9% | 6.1% |
| RD% (95% CI)a | − 7.2 (− 15.9, 1.4) | − 8.5 (− 13.0, − 3.9) | − 3.7 (− 8.0, 1.0) | − 1.6 (− 3.0, − 0.1) |
| Childcare | ||||
| Yes | 86.1% | 48.7% | 26.0% | 4.8% |
| No | 82.1% | 51.4% | 21.5% | 4.4% |
| RD% (95% CI)a | 3.9 (− 4.6, 12.4) | − 2.6 (− 6.9, 1.7) | 4.5 (0.0, 9.0) | 0.4 (− 1.0, 1.7) |
RD cumulative incidence risk difference, expressed as percentage-point (%) difference; CI confidence interval
aCumulative incidence risk differences (RD) are weighted for mother or stepmother’s ethnicity, age at birth of the child, employment status at during pregnancy, area of residence, level of educational attainment, and child’s sex
bData are restricted to those living in urban settings