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. 2019 Aug 2;9:11231. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47755-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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NOVA1 expression in association with anatomical sites, HPV infection status, T cell infiltration, EMT markers, and patient outcomes. (A,B) Attenuated NOVA1 expression (H-score < 200) in tumor cells was more frequent in non-oropharynx SCC and p16 (HPV)-negative SCC (P < 0.001, respectively). (C) Attenuated expression of NOVA1 in tumor cells was most frequently observed in p16-negative non-oropharynx SCC (P < 0.001). (D) Specimens showing attenuated NOVA1 among tumor cells showed lower levels of CD3+ or CD8+ TILs than those with strong NOVA1 expression. Average cell numbers of T lymphocytes were counted at x400 magnification (x400 HPF). (E) Twist expression was higher in tumor cells from specimens with high NOVA1 expression. (F) SNAI1/SLUG expression in tumor cells showed significant differences according to NOVA1 expression status in T lymphocytes and stromal spindle cells. (G,H) Attenuated NOVA1 expression in tumor cells was associated with inferior overall survival and progression-free survival rates.