Table 2.
Baseline health-related characteristics according to quartiles of physical activity.
| Physical activity (METs/day) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-value | |
| 19.5 (11.3, 35.6) | <11.3 | 11.3–19.4 | 19.5–35.5 | ≥35.6 | ||
| n = 8,811 | n = 2,230 | n = 2,047 | n = 2,251 | n = 2,283 | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.5 (22.5, 26.5) | 24.5 (22.5, 26.7) | 24.7 (22.8, 26.8) | 24.5 (22.7, 26.4) | 24.2 (22.0, 26.2)† | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1,351 (15.3%) | 361 (16.2%) | 309 (15.1%) | 335 (14.9%) | 346 (15.2%) | 0.625 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 579 (6.6%) | 171 (7.7%) | 114 (5.6%) | 143 (6.4%) | 151 (6.6%) | 0.048 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 215 (2.4%) | 58 (2.6%) | 70 (3.4%) | 56 (2.5%) | 31 (1.4%) | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 21 (0.2%) | 5 (0.2%) | 1 (<0.1%) | 4 (0.2%) | 11 (0.5%) | 0.027 |
| Coronary artery disease | 67 (0.8%) | 17 (0.8%) | 20 (1%) | 19 (0.8%) | 11 (0.5%) | 0.280 |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 84 (1%) | 27 (1.2%) | 11 (0.5%) | 21 (0.9%) | 25 (1.1%) | 0.121 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 30 (0.3%) | 8 (0.4%) | 7 (0.3%) | 6 (0.3%) | 9 (0.4%) | 0.901 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 98 (1.1%) | 32 (1.4%) | 18 (0.9%) | 29 (1.3%) | 19 (0.8%) | 0.146 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 59 (0.7%) | 19 (0.9%) | 11 (0.5%) | 10 (0.4%) | 19 (0.8%) | 0.233 |
| Asthma | 193 (2.2%) | 55 (2.5%) | 42 (2.1%) | 44 (2%) | 52 (2.3%) | 0.650 |
| Thyroid disease | 264 (3.0%) | 64 (2.9%) | 69 (3.4%) | 82 (3.6%) | 49 (2.1%) | 0.018 |
| Smoking habit | <0.001 | |||||
| Never | 5,183 (58.8%) | 1,294 (58%) | 1,271 (62.1%) | 1,337 (59.4%) | 1,281 (56.1%) | |
| Former | 1,384 (15.7%) | 328 (14.7%) | 315 (15.4%) | 387 (17.2%) | 354 (15.5%) | |
| Current | 2,244 (25.5%) | 608 (27.3%) | 461 (22.5%) | 527 (23.4%) | 648 (28.4%) | |
| Alcohol | 0.186 | |||||
| Never | 4,045 (45.9%) | 1,052 (47.2%) | 932 (45.5%) | 1,007 (44.7%) | 1,054 (46.2%) | |
| Ex- | 563 (6.4%) | 149 (6.7%) | 109 (5.3%) | 152 (6.8%) | 153 (6.7%) | |
| Current | 4,203 (47.7%) | 1,029 (46.1%) | 1,006 (49.1%) | 1,092 (48.5%) | 1,076 (47.1%) | |
| Antihypertensive medication | 1,025 (11.6%) | 272 (12.2%) | 237 (11.6%) | 257 (11.4%) | 259 (11.3%) | 0.581 |
| Levels of physical activities | ||||||
| Steady ≥1 h/day | 3,139 (36%) | 846 (39.5%) | 758 (37%) | 865 (38.5%) | 670 (29.4%) | <0.001 |
| Sitting ≥1 h/day | 6,736 (77.4%) | 1,540 (72.7%) | 1,714 (83.7%) | 1,944 (86.4%) | 1,538 (67.4%) | <0.001 |
| Light ≥1 h/day | 6,049 (69.7%) | 842 (40%) | 1,737 (84.9%) | 1,924 (85.5%) | 1,546 (67.7%) | <0.001 |
| Moderate ≥1 h/day | 2,120 (24.6%) | 84 (4.1%) | 249 (12.2%) | 1,022 (45.4%) | 765 (33.5%) | <0.001 |
| High ≥1 h/day | 2,834 (32.7%) | 103 (4.9%) | 121 (5.9%) | 546 (24.3%) | 2,064 (90.4%) | <0.001 |
| Resting heart rate (bpm) | 62.7 (59.3, 68) | 63.3 (60, 68.3) | 62.7 (59.3, 67.3)† | 62.0 (58.7, 67)† | 63.3 (60, 68) | <0.001 |
| <50 | 137 (1.6%) | 38 (1.7%) | 33 (1.6%) | 43 (1.9%) | 23 (1%) | <0.001 |
| 50–59 | 1,872 (21.2%) | 433 (19.4%) | 486 (23.7%) | 565 (25.1%) | 388 (17%) | |
| 60–69 | 5,119 (58.1%) | 1,275 (57.2%) | 1,181 (57.7%) | 1,266 (56.2%) | 1,397 (61.2%) | |
| 70–85 | 1,590 (18%) | 456 (20.4%) | 335 (16.4%) | 358 (15.9%) | 441 (19.3%) | |
| >85 | 93 (1.1%) | 28 (1.3%) | 12 (0.6%) | 19 (0.8%) | 34 (1.5%) | |
Data shown with percentages in parentheses represent numbers of participants, and data shown with two numbers in parentheses represent median values with interquartile ranges in parentheses.
†p < 0.01 vs. Q1. Kruskal-Wallis test (Dunn’s post hoc).