Fig. 5.

Inhibition of Gal3 by TD139 intracellularly suppresses microglial inflammation. a Primary microglia were cultured for 24 h and then treated with a cell-permeable Gal3 inhibitor, TD139 (1 and 10 µM), or vehicle (0.1% DMSO) for 48 h, and the supernatants were then collected for measurement of IL1β, IL6, TNFα, and IL10 levels using ELISA (n = 6). b Primary microglia were treated with lactose (10 and 100 mM) to block the binding of extracellular Gal3. Sucrose served as the osmolarity control. The supernatant was collected and subjected to ELISA (n = 6–7). Suc sucrose, Lac lactose. The results of a were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. *Specific comparison between WT and R6/2 cells of the same treatment; #Specific comparison between the DMSO-treated and TD139-treated groups of the same genotype; P < 0.01. Results in b were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. *Specific comparison between WT and R6/2 cells; #Specific comparison between R6/2 cells treated with Lac and Suc. Data are presented as the means ± SEM from the indicated sets of cells. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. Same P-value denotation for #. Source data is available as a Source Data File