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. 2019 Aug 2;10:3491. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11397-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Fibroblasts respond to the stiffness and pore size of 3D porous scaffolds. a, b Confocal fluorescent imaging of F-actin-stained HDFs within auto-fluorescent scaffolds showing elongation of HDFs within large-pore scaffolds regardless of scaffold stiffness; whereas cell elongation only occurred in small-pore scaffolds with lower local stiffness (20 kPa) but not in stiffer scaffolds. Scale bar: 50 μm (n = 15). c Proliferation of HDFs inside the different porous scaffolds over 5 days of culturing (n = 3). d, e Significant αSMA expression with fiber-like accumulation was only observed in scaffolds with larger and stiffer pores (80 μm and 190 kPa). Scale bar: 50 μm. (n ≥ 12). f Gene expression levels for αSMA (n = 3). Data are means ± s.d. (ANOVA)