Table 4.
Likelihood of reporting fistula symptoms among women of reproductive age,15–49 pooled DHS data for 10 countries
| Variable | A: Considering the effect of FGM/C status (cut and uncut women aged 15–49) | B: Considering the effect of type of FGM/C (cut women aged 15–49) | ||||
| Model I | Model II | Model III | Model I | Model II | Model III | |
| OR, 95% CI | AOR, 95% CI | AOR, 95% CI | OR, 95% CI | AOR, 95% CI | AOR, 95% CI | |
| FGM/C status (Ref=Uncut) | ||||||
| Cut | 0.81* (0.72 to 0.91) | 0.82* (0.72 to 0.94) | 0.93 (0.77 to 1.12) | |||
| FGM/C type (Ref=Not sewn closed) | ||||||
| Sewn closed | 1.37* (1.04 to 1.79 | 1.40* (1.06 to 1.86) | 1.53* (1.06 to 2.21) | |||
| Maternal age at first birth (Ref =≥25) | ||||||
| Below 15 | 0.92 (0.75 to 1.12) | 0.91 (0.73 to 1.13) | 0.98 (0.73 to 1.33) | 0.92 (0.75 to 1.12) | 0.88 (0.65 to 1.18) | 0.93 (0.62 to 1.39) |
| 15–19 | 0.91 (0.73 to 1.13) | 0.87 (0.69 to 1.10) | 0.86 (0.62 to 1.19) | 0.91 (0.73 to 1.13) | 0.86 (0.62 to 1.19) | 0.84 (0.54 to 1.31) |
| 20–24 | 0.72* (0.54 to 0.96) | 0.66* (0.49 to 0.90) | 0.64* (0.41 to 0.99) | 0.72* (0.54 to 0.96) | 0.74 (0.48 to 1.15) | 0.62 (0.33 to 1.18) |
| Religion (Ref=Non-Christian) | ||||||
| Christian | 0.67* (0.61 to 0.77) | 0.70* (0.61 to 0.81) | 0.64* (0.52 to 0.78) | 0.67* (0.61 to 0.77) | 0.92 (0.74 to 1.15) | 0.87 (0.65 to 1.16) |
| Wealth quintile (Ref=Richest) | ||||||
| Poorest | 0.92 (0.76 to 1.11) | 0.88 (0.71 to 1.08) | 0.92 (0.69 to 1.21) | 0.92 (0.76 to 1.11) | 0.75 (0.57 to 1.00) | 0.75 (0.52 to 1.09) |
| Poorer | 0.83 (0.69 to 1.01) | 0.76* (0.61 to 0.94) | 0.61* (0.45 to 0.84) | 0.83 (0.69 to 1.01) | 0.64* (0.48 to 0.86) | 0.60* (0.40 to 0.90) |
| Middle | 1.13 (0.95 to 1.35) | 1.07 (0.88 to 1.31) | 0.93 (0.70 to 1.25) | 1.13 (0.95 to 1.35) | 0.83 (0.63 to 1.10) | 0.81 (0.55 to 1.20) |
| Richer | 1.15 (0.97 to 1.36) | 1.30* (1.06 to 1.60) | 0.84 (0.59 to 1.18) | 1.15 (0.97 to 1.36) | 1.17 (0.88 to 1.54) | 0.64 (0.39 to 1.04) |
| Maternal education (Ref=No education) | ||||||
| Primary | 1.07 (0.94 to 1.23) | 0.91 (0.77 to 1.08) | 1.15 (0.91 to 1.44) | 1.07 (0.94 to 1.23) | 1.16 (0.91 to 1.48) | 1.23 (0.88 to 1.70) |
| Secondary and higher | 0.86* (0.75 to 0.99 | 0.78* (0.64 to 0.95) | 0.98 (0.74 to 1.30) | 0.86* (0.75 to 0.99 | 0.88 (0.65 to 1.19) | 0.97 (0.64 to 1.46) |
| Number of ANC visits (Ref=0) | ||||||
| 1–3 | 0.67* (0.54 to 0.82) | 0.64* (0.49 to 0.82) | 0.67* (0.54 to 0.82) | 0.44* (0.31 to 0.63) | ||
| ≥4 | 0.62* (0.51 to 0.74) | 0.64* (0.50 to 0.82) | 0.62* (0.51 to 0.74) | 0.51* (0.36 to 0.71) | ||
| Place of delivery (Ref=Home) | ||||||
| Health facility | 0.74* (0.65 to 0.83) | 0.83 (0.68 to 1.00) | 0.74* (0.65 to 0.83) | 0.83 (0.63 to 1.09) | ||
| Residence (Ref=Rural) | ||||||
| Urban | 0.81* (0.72 to 0.90) | 0.74* (0.58 to 0.95) | 0.81* (0.72 to 0.90) | 0.62* (0.44 to 0.89) | ||
| Cox and Snell R2 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Negelkerke R2 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.016 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.021 |
*p≤0.05.
ANC, antenatal care; AOR, adjusted OR;DHS, Demographic and Health Survey; FGM/C, female genital mutilation/cutting; OR, unadjusted OR;Ref, reference group.