Table 2.

Multilevel multivariable logistic regression results, Punjab (MICS 2014)

Moderate underweight (>−2 SD)
Variables	Model 1†	Model 2‡ OR (95% CI)	Model 3§ OR (95% CI)
Child age group (reference category 0–5 months)
6–11		1.15 (0.9 to 1.5)	1.14 (0.9 to 1.5)
12–23		1.46** (1.1 to 1.9)	1.48** (1.1 to 1.9)
24–35		1.70** (1.2 to 2.5)	1.69** (1.2 to 2.5)
36–47		2.54** (1.4 to 4.5)	2.59** (1.5 to 4.6)
48–59		2.11** (1.2 to 3.7)	2.16** (1.2 to 3.8)
Child gender (reference category Girls)
Boys		0.92** (0.8 to 1.0)	0.92** (0.8 to 1.0)
Child birth order (reference category First born)
2		1.37*** (1.2 to 1.5)	1.37*** (1.2 to 1.5)
3+		1.96*** (1.5 to 2.5)	1.94*** (1.5 to 2.5)
Child size at birth (reference category Large size)
Average		1.36*** (1.1 to 1.6)	1.36*** (1.1 to 1.6)
Small		2.77*** (2.2 to 3.5)	2.70*** (2.1 to 3.5)
Diarrhoea (reference category No)
Yes		1.31*** (1.1 to 1.5)	1.29*** (1.1 to 1.5)
Breast feeding (reference category Yes)
No		0.92 (0.7 to 1.2)	0.93 (0.7 to 1.2)
Household sex (reference category Female)
Male		0.83 (0.6 to 1.1)	0.81 (0.6 to 1.0)
Mother’s education (reference category No education)
Primary		0.81*** (0.7 to 0.9)	0.90** (0.8 to 1.0)
Middle		0.62*** (0.5 to 0.7)	0.73** (0.6 to 0.9)
Secondary		0.55*** (0.5 to 0.7)	0.68*** (0.6 to 0.8)
Higher		0.31*** (0.2 to 0.4)	0.39*** (0.3 to 0.5)
Mother’s age (reference category Age of women <18 years of age)
18–24		0.92 (0.8 to 1.1)	0.92 (0.8 to 1.1)
25–35		0.92 (0.7 to 1.1)	0.90 (0.7 to 1.1)
36–49		0.94 (0.8 to 1.1)	0.91 (0.7 to 1.1)
Prenatal care (reference category 1–4 visits)
More than four visits		0.87 (0.8 to 1.0)	0.92 (0.8 to 1.1)
Postnatal care to female health worker visit (reference category Yes)
No		0.93 (0.8 to 1.0)	0.90 (0.8 to 1.0)
Delivery place (reference category Home)
Hospital		0.85** (0.7 to 1.0)	0.89 (0.8 to 1.0)
Mother smokes (reference category No)
Yes		1.17 (1.0 to 1.4)	1.11 (0.9 to 1.3)
Father’s education (reference category No education)
Primary		0.89 (0.8 to 1.0)	0.94 (0.8 to 1.1)
Middle		0.72*** (0.6 to 0.8)	0.79** (0.7 to 0.9)
Secondary		0.58*** (0.5 to 0.7)	0.66*** (0.6 to 0.7)
Higher		0.48*** (0.4 to 0.6)	0.55*** (0.4 to 0.7)
Wealth index (reference category Poor)
Middle			0.81** (0.7 to 0.9)
Rich			0.63*** (0.5 to 0.7)
HH size (reference category HH size 3–4 members)
5–6 members			1.01 (0.9 to 1.2)
7–8 members			1.07 (0.9 to 1.3)
>8 members			0.97 (0.8 to 1.2)
Ethnicity (reference category Urdu)
Punjabi			0.80 (0.6 to 1.0)
Saraiki			0.70** (0.5 to 0.9)
Others			0.88 (0.7 to 1.2)
Sanitation facility (reference category Unimproved)
Improved			0.80*** (0.7 to 0.9)
Drinking water facility (reference category Unimproved)
Improved			1.12 (0.9 to 1.3)
Water treatment (reference category Untreated)
Treated			0.84 (0.7 to 1.0)
Media exposure (reference category No)
Yes			0.92 (0.8 to 1.0)
Region (reference category Rural)
Urban		0.81** (0.7 to 0.9)	1.07 (1.0 to 1.2)
Division (reference category Rawalpindi division)
Bahawalpur			1.72** (1.2 to 2.6)
D.G. Khan			1.78** (1.2 to 2.6)
Faisalabad			1.77*** (1.4 to 2.3)
Gujranwala			1.09 (0.8 to 1.4)
Lahore			1.55*** (1.2 to 1.9)
Multan			1.51** (1.2 to 2.0)
Sahiwal			1.43** (1.1 to 1.8)
Sargodha			1.42** (1.1 to 1.8)
Constant	−1.022***	0.06*** (0.0 to 0.1)	0.36*** (0.2 to 0.6)
Different levels variance
Level 1 (Household)	2.06***	2.027***	2.025***
Level 2 (Community)	0.25***	0.15***	0.139**
Level 3 (District)	0.16***	0.05**	0.009
Log pseudolikelihood	−14367.528	−13872.00	−13814.16
Observations	24 042	24 042	24 042

*P< 0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.

†Base model (unconditional three level hierarchical model).

‡Hierarchical model with child and parental characteristics.

§Hierarchical model with child, parental, household and division.