Table 1.
Clinical and metabolic characteristics of patients.
| Baseline (n = 100) | 12 months (n = 100) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical features | |||
| Weight, kg | 88 ± 16 | 86 ± 15 | 0.560 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 31 ± 5 | 29 ± 6 | 0.167 |
| Waist, cm | 104 ± 13 | 102 ± 14 | 0.421 |
| SBP, mmHg | 138 ± 17 | 134 ± 16 | 0.042 |
| DBP, mmHg | 86 ± 11 | 84 ± 11 | 0.093 |
| cSBP, mmHg | 139 ± 20 | 134 ± 16 | 0.039 |
| Metabolic characteristics | |||
| HbA1c, % (mmol/mol) | 8.9 ± 1.8 (74 ± 24) | 7.1 ± 1.2 (54 ± 14) | 0.001 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 165 ± 47 | 124 ± 40 | 0.007 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 190 ± 34 | 186 ± 31 | 0.402 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 116 ± 32 | 109 ± 29 | 0.244 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 47 ± 10 | 52 ± 12 | 0.318 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 167 ± 92 | 159 ± 86 | 0.286 |
| Creatinine, mmol/L | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.734 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 85 ± 8 | 86 ± 9 | 0.321 |
| Cardiac risk factors | |||
| Smoking, % (n) | 37 (37) | 34 (34) | 0.675 |
| Hypertension, % (n) | 50 (50) | 47 (47) | 0.277 |
| Dyslipidemia, % (n) | 51 (51) | 48 (48) | 0.243 |
| Family history CAD, % (n) | 21 (21) | 21 (21) | 0.889 |
| Cardiovascular medication, % (n) | |||
| Aspirin or clopidogrel | 8 (8) | 8 (8) | 0.910 |
| Beta blockers | 19 (19) | 21 (21) | 0.753 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 30 (30) | 33 (33) | 0.631 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 33 (33) | 36 (36) | 0.270 |
| Diuretics | 14 (14) | 15 (15) | 0.798 |
| Statins | 46 (46) | 49 (49) | 0.610 |
| Fibrate | 5 (5) | 8 (8) | 0.270 |
| Antidiabetic medication, % (n) | |||
| Metformin | 85 (85) | 90 (90) | |
| Sulfonylureas | 4 (4) | 5 (5) | |
| Incretin-based agents | 0 (0) | 78 (78) | |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 0 (0) | 38 (38) | |
| GLP-1 receptor agonists | 0 (0) | 40 (40) | |
| Basal insulin analogs | 25 (25) | 39 (39) | |
| Rapid-acting insulin analogs | 5 (5) | 7 (7) | |
| Glucose-lowering agents used for intensified antidiabetic treatment, % (n) | |||
| Metformin | 5 (5) | ||
| Sulfonylureas | 1 (1) | ||
| Incretin-based agents | 78 (78) | ||
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 38 (38) | ||
| GLP-1 receptor agonists | 40 (40) | ||
| Basal insulin analogs | 14 (14) | ||
| Rapid-acting insulin analogs | 2 (2) | ||
Data are expressed as the mean (SD) or n (%). Continuous variables were compared with the paired Student t-test. Binary variables were compared with the χ2 test. Ordinal variables were compared with the Wilcoxon signed-rank or Wilcoxon rank-sum test, where appropriate. BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; cSBP, central systolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CAD, coronary artery disease; Incretin-based agents: DPP-4, Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and GLP-1, Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists.