Table 2.
Baseline and follow-up values of metabolic characteristics, arterial stiffness, endothelial function, LV function, and oxidative stress.
| Characteristics | Baseline | Follow-up | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 100) | (n = 100) | HbA1c ≤ 7% (≤53 mmol/mol) (n = 64) | Δ% (n = 64) | HbA1c >7% (>53 mmol/mol) (n = 36) | Δ% (n = 36) | |
| PWV, m/s | 12 ± 3 | 10.8 ± 2 *** | 10.5 ± 2 | −13.9 | 11.2 ± 2 † | −5.1 |
| AI, % | 17 (−0.5–30) | 11.5 (1–25) ** | 11.5 (1–25) | −32 | 10.5 (0.4–23) | −38 |
| AI75, % | 16 (−1–28) | 11 (0.5–24) ** | 11 (0.5–24) | −31 | 10 (0.34–22) | −37.5 |
| HR, bpm | 73 ± 11 | 74 ± 10 | 75 ± 10 | 2.7 | 73 ± 10 | 0 |
| SBP, mmHg | 138 ± 17 | 134 ± 16 * | 133 ± 17 | −3.6 | 135 ± 14 | −2.2 |
| DBP, mmHg | 86 ± 11 | 84 ± 11 | 84 ± 10 | −2.3 | 85 ± 12 | −1.2 |
| cSBP, mmHg | 139 ± 20 | 134 ± 16 * | 132 ± 17 | −5.7 | 134 ± 15 | −2.9 |
| FMD% | 8.1 ± 5 | 11.7 ± 8 ** | 14 ± 8 | 68.7 | 9.5 ± 7 † | 20 |
| PBR, 5–25 μm | 2.12 ± 0.3 | 1.98 ± 0.2 * | 1.88 ± 0.2 | −10.9 | 2.01 ± 0.3 † | −5.6 |
| PBR, 5–9 μm | 1.19 ± 0.1 | 1.14 ± 0.1 | 1.08 ± 0.2 | −9.2 | 1.12 ± 0.2 | −5.9 |
| PBR, 10–19 μm | 2.26 ± 0.3 | 2.08 ± 0.3 * | 1.97 ± 0.3 | −13.2 | 2.10 ± 0.3 † | −6.6 |
| PBR, 20–25 μm | 2.63 ± 0.5 | 2.46 ± 0.4 * | 2.35 ± 0.3 | −11 | 2.50 ± 0.5 † | −4.6 |
| LVEF, % | 65 ± 10 | 67 ± 9 | 68 ± 9 | 4.6 | 67 ± 6 | 3 |
| GLS, % | −15.2 ± 3 | −16.9 ± 3 ** | −17.6 ± 3 | 14.3 | −16 ± 3 †† | 6.7 |
| GLSR S, 1/s | −0.78 ± 0.2 | −0.88 ± 0.2 ** | −0.91 ± 0.2 | 15 | −0.86 ± 0.2 † | 11.4 |
| GLSR E, 1/s | 0.82 ± 0.3 | 0.96 ± 0.3 ** | 1.04 ± 0.4 | 28.4 | 0.87 ± 0.2 †† | 4.8 |
| GLSR A, 1/s | 0.72 ± 0.3 | 0.75 ± 0.2 | 0.82 ± 0.2 | 13.8 | 0.70 ± 0.2 †† | 3 |
| PWV/GLS | −0.84 ± 0.3 | −0.66 ± 0.2 *** | −0.62 ± 0.2 | −26.2 | −0.69 ± 0.2 | −17.9 |
| pTw, deg | 16 ± 5 | 14.9 ± 7 ** | 15.4 ± 5 | −4.3 | 14.5 ± 8 | −8.8 |
| pUtwVel, deg/s | −95 ± 45 | −109 ± 50 * | −112 ± 44 | 16.7 | −98 ± 49 † | 4.3 |
| %dpTw-UtwMVO | 28 ± 9 | 37 ± 11 * | 38 ± 14 | 35.7 | 37 ± 13 | 32 |
| %dpTw-UtwPEF | 46 ± 19 | 59 ± 18 * | 61 ± 20 | 29.8 | 58 ± 21 | 28.9 |
| LA volume (mL/m2) | 40 ± 3 | 33 ± 2 * | 32 ± 2 | −20.1 | 38 ± 21 †† | −5.1 |
| E/A | 0.95 ± 0.4 | 0.98 ± 0.3 | 1.04 ± 0.3 | 8.3 | 0.94 ± 0.3 | −2.1 |
| E/e’ | 7.7 ± 1.8 | 7.8 ± 2.4 | 8.2 ± 2.3 | 9.3 | 7.4 ± 1.7 | −1.3 |
| MDA, nM/L | 0.95 (0.56–1.7) | 0.75 * (0.50–1.5) | 0.71 (0.45–1.28) | −26.8 | 0.83 † (0.48–1.58) | −10.8 |
| PCs, nmol/mg protein | 0.016 (0.008–0.021) | 0.013 * (0.009–0.016) | 0.010 (0.009–0.016) | −37.5 | 0.013 † (0.01–0.018) | −18.8 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD values. Δ%: percent changes between baseline and 12-month follow-up. Values for AI, AI75, and biomarkers are median and interquartile range. HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin A1c; PWV, pulse wave velocity; AI75 = ((heart rate–75) × 0.39) + AI was calculated to adjust the AI for a heart rate of 75 beats/min; cSBP, central systolic blood pressure; FMD%, percentage difference of flow-mediated dilatation; PBR, perfused boundary region of the sublingual arterial micro-vessels ranging from 5–25 μm; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; GLS, global longitudinal strain; GLSR, global londitudinal strain rate; PWV/GLS, ventricular–arterial interaction (pulse wave velocity to global longitudinal strain ratio); pTw, peak twisting; pUtw velocity, peak untwisting velocity; %dpTw-UtwMVO, percentage difference between peak twisting and untwisting at mitral valve opening (MVO); %dpTw-UtwPEF, percentage difference between peak twisting and untwisting at peak of left ventricular early filling; E/A ratio, ratio of E to A waves of the mitral inflow velocity; MDA, malondialdehyde; PCs, protein carbonyls. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001 versus baseline; † p < 0.05; †† p < 0.01 versus subgroup with HbA1c ≤ 7% (≤ 53 mmol/mol).