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. 2019 Jul 5;8(7):983. doi: 10.3390/jcm8070983

Table 3.

Association of the changes of LV myocardial strain, as well as arterial and endothelial markers, with parameters of the study population.

ΔGLS
Univariate
Unstandardized b 95% CI p value
Age −0.292 −0.815–0.231 0.061
BMI −0.089 −0.224–0.087 0.039
Duration of diabetes −0.889 −2.455–0.677 0.023
Smoking −1.380 −2.752–0.008 0.049
Hypertension −3.170 −8.095–1.755 0.017
HbA1c −0.724 −1.358–0.331 0.009
ΔHbA1c 0.923 −0.795–1.720 0.033
Incretin-based agents 1.178 −0.811–2.348 0.011
Multivariate
Duration of diabetes −0.209 −0.756–0.343 0.048
Hypertension −2.155 −3.545–1.942 0.046
HbA1c −0.523 −1.576–1.190 0.039
ΔHbA1c 0.876 −1.109–2.141 0.041
Incretin-based agents 0.687 −3.518–5.269 0.037
ΔPWV
Univariate
Unstandardized b 95% CI p value
Age −0.880 −1.297–0.172 0.018
BMI −0.061 −0.179–0.055 0.070
Smoking −1.438 −3.608–0.731 0.017
ΔHbA1c 0.562 −0.133–0.992 0.004
Incretin-based agents 2.244 −0.872–3.617 0.002
Multivariate
Age −0.435 −0.423–0.038 0.021
Smoking −1.203 −2.443–0.085 0.036
ΔHbA1c 0.447 −0.064–1.088 0.025
Incretin-based agents 1.237 −0.215–2.514 0.029
ΔPBR
Univariate
Unstandardized b 95% CI p value
BMI −0.058 −0.054–0.170 0.009
Duration of diabetes −0.188 −0.449–0.073 0.093
Hypertension −0.603 −0.764–0.178 0.033
Dyslipidemia −0.831 −1.010–0.147 0.030
ΔHbA1c 0.650 0.224–0.997 0.016
Incretin-based agents 0.687 0.305–1.035 0.037
Basal insulin analogs 0.864 −1.183–2.519 0.010
Multivariate
BMI −0.031 −0.059–−0.021 0.041
Hypertension −0.427 −0.837–−0.018 0.044
Dyslipidemia −0.245 −1.804–0.343 0.045
ΔHbA1c 0.395 −0.039–0.772 0.038
Incretin-based agents 0.429 −0.029–0.787 0.047
Basal insulin analog 0.628 0.539–1.918 0.042
ΔFMD%
Univariate
Unstandardized b 95% CI p value
Age −0.417 −1.502–0.919 0.034
Duration of diabetes −2.269 −4.565–0.027 0.017
HbA1c −0.171 −2.043–1.701 0.084
Incretin-based agents 1.491 −1.953–4.253 0.014
Basal insulin analogs 1.092 0.345–2.495 0.013
Multivariate
Age −0.399 −0.432–0.012 0.046
Duration of diabetes −0.980 −2.135–0.532 0.029
Incretin-based agents 1.159 0.913–2.384 0.034
Basal insulin analogs 0.894 0.574–1.898 0.046

Δ: change between baseline and 12-month follow-up. GLS, global longitudinal strain; PWV, pulse wave velocity; PBR, perfused boundary region of the sublingual arterial micro-vessels ranging from 5–25 μm; FMD, flow-mediaded dilatation of the brachial artery; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin A1c; Incretin-based agents: DPP-4, Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and GLP-1, Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. The HbA1c value refers to baseline.