Figure 1.

A schematic of cadmium transport from the soil to grains in rice. Cadmium is absorbed from the soil by the roots, and OsNramp1, OsNramp5, and OsCd1 mediate this process. OsHMA3 plays a key role in cadmium segregation to vacuoles in root cells and thus negatively regulates cadmium xylem loading. OsHMA2, OsCCX2, and CAL1 regulate cadmium transport to the xylem. OsLCT1 contributes to cadmium remobilization from leaf blades via the phloem and is likely to play a part in intervascular cadmium transfer at nodes.