Table 1.
Genes of Rice Reported to be Regulated During Cadmium (Cd)-Exposure.
| Gene | Chr. | Physical Location (bp) | Gene Name | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OsCDT3 | 1 | 4066623–4067218 | Encoding a Cys-rich peptide | Cd uptake inhibitor | [79] |
| Ospdr9 | 1 | 24075065–24082181 | Multidrug resistance ABC transporter | Redox protection in Cd stress | [81] |
| OsWJUMK1 | 1 | 29398191–29402466 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase | Cd signal | [82] |
| OsHsfA4a | 1 | 31370413–31372729 | Heat shock transcription factor gene | Cd tolerance | [83] |
| OsAUX1 | 1 | 36998334–37004685 | Auxin transport protein | Root development and Cd stress response | [34] |
| OsCLT1 | 1 | 42086484–42095424 | CRT-like transporter 1 | Cd tolerance | [80] |
| OsLCD | 1 | 42162592–42166462 | Low cadmium | Cd tolerance and accumulation | [78] |
| OsZIP1 | 1 | 42905566–42907474 | Zinc- and iron-regulated transporter | Cd and Zn transport | [84,85] |
| ricMT | 1 | 43047164–43047861 | Metallothionein gene | Cd tolerance | [86] |
| OsCDT4 | 2 | 6078179–6079111 | Encoding a Cys-rich peptide | Cd uptake inhibitor | [79] |
| OsNAAT1 | 2 | 11997094–12002633 | Nicotinamide aminotransferase gene | Cd accumulation | [87] |
| CAL1 | 2 | 25190487–25191188 | defensin-like protein | Cd accumulation in leaf | [88] |
| OsYSL2 | 2 | 26170387–26174970 | Metal-nicotinamide transporter | Cd translocation | [89] |
| OsCd1 | 3 | 842577–846408 | Major facilitator superfamily | Cd uptake | [90] |
| OsNramp2 | 3 | 5655157–5659147 | Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein | Cd transporter, Cd accumulation | [91] |
| OsMSRMK2 | 3 | 9847700–9850473 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase | Cd signal | [67] |
| OsMTI-1b | 3 | 9957335–9958362 | Metallothionein-like protein 1B | Cd tolerance | [92] |
| PEZ1 | 3 | 20793053–20799805 | Phenol efflux protein | Cd accumulation | [93] |
| OsCDT1/OsCCX2 | 3 | 25613825–25616179 | Cation/calcium (Ca) exchanger 2 | Cd tolerance and translocation | [79,94] |
| OsIRT2 | 3 | 26276301–26277206 | Iron-regulated transporter | Cd and Fe transporter | [95] |
| OsIRT1 | 3 | 26286156–26292023 | Iron-regulated transporter | Cd and Fe transporter | [95,96] |
| OsZIP3 | 4 | 31078200–31080734 | Zinc- and iron-regulated transporter | Cd accumulation | [84] |
| OsMTP1 | 5 | 1675488–1679056 | Metal tolerance protein gene | Cd translocation | [97] |
| OsZIP6 | 5 | 3807974–3810752 | Zinc- and iron-regulated transporter | Cd transport | [98] |
| OsCDT5 | 5 | 4665325–4667853 | Encoding a Cys-rich peptide | Cd uptake inhibitor | [79] |
| OsZIP7 | 5 | 6090801–6094068 | Zinc- and iron-regulated transporter | Cd and Zn accumulation | [99] |
| OsPCS2 | 6 | 167367–174319 | Plant chelatase synthase 2 | Cd tolerance | [100] |
| OsCDT2 | 6 | 2261681–2263972 | Encoding a Cys-rich peptide | Cd uptake inhibitor | [79] |
| OsLCT1 | 6 | 22566775–22571982 | Low affinity cation transporter | Cd transporter in phloem | [101,102] |
| OsHMA9 | 6 | 27517100–27523604 | P-Type Heavy Metal ATPase | Cd efflux | [77] |
| OsMSRMK3 | 6 | 29398191–29402466 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase | Cd signal | [82] |
| OsHMA2 | 6 | 29477949–29480905 | P-Type Heavy Metal ATPase | Cd and Zn translocation | [103,104] |
| OsHMA3 | 7 | 7405745–7409553 | P-Type Heavy Metal ATPase | Sequestration of Cd in root | [46,47,105] |
| OsNramp5 | 7 | 8871436–8878905 | Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein | Cd, Mn, and Fe transporters | [106,107,108,109,110] |
| OsNramp1 | 7 | 8966025–8970882 | Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein | Cd and Fe transporters | [111,112,113] |
| OsABCG43 | 7 | 20214025–20218702 | ATP-binding cassette transporter | Cd compartmentalization | [45] |
| OsMAPK2 | 8 | 3307520–3310590 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase | Cd signal | [68] |
| OsHIR1 | 8 | 19011814–19015998 | Heavy metal-induced RING E3 ligase 1 | Cd uptake | [114] |
| SISAP1 | 9 | 18760704–18761836 | Subspecies indica stress-associated protein gene | Cd tolerance | [115] |
| OsPCR1 | 10 | 826309–824623 | Plant cadmium resistance 1 | Cd tolerance | [116] |
| rgMT | 11 | 28827746–28828439 | Metallothionein-like protein | Cd tolerance | [117] |
| RCS1 | 12 | 26698650–26703087 | Cytosolic cysteine synthase gene | Cd complexation via sulfur | [118] |