Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by physical activity level (n = 32,391).
| HEPA Active (n = 8087) |
Minimally Active (n = 11,112) |
Inactive (n = 13,192) |
p for Trend * | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 44.0 ± 0.3 | 44.9 ± 0.2 | 47.0 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Male sex (%) | 56.8 (0.7) | 44.5 (0.6) | 41.1 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8 ± 0.1 | 23.4 ± 0.0 | 23.6 ± 0.0 | <0.001 |
| Central obesity (%) | 21.6 (0.6) | 21.9 (0.5) | 24.4 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| Total calorie intake (kcal/day) | 2107.8 ± 15.1 | 1942.5 ± 11.7 | 1903.8 ± 10.4 | <0.001 |
| Sleep duration (h/day) | 6.8 ± 0.0 | 6.8 ± 0.0 | 6.9 ± 0.0 | 0.002 |
| Smoking (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 52.1 (0.7) | 60.2 (0.6) | 60.2 (0.5) | |
| Past | 22.3 (0.6) | 19.8 (0.5) | 18.6 (0.5) | |
| Current | 25.6 (0.7) | 20.0 (0.5) | 21.3 (0.5) | |
| Alcohol (AUDIT score) | 6.4 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Education (years) | <0.001 | |||
| ≤6 | 15.1 (0.5) | 17.7 (0.5) | 22.9 (0.5) | |
| 7–9 | 10.8 (0.4) | 9.0 (0.3) | 10.6 (0.4) | |
| 10–12 | 44.1 (0.8) | 37.2 (0.7) | 35.2 (0.6) | |
| >12 | 30.0 (0.8) | 36.1 (0.7) | 31.3 (0.7) | |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 7.4 (0.4) | 8.8 (0.4) | 9.6 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease (%) | 2.6 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.2) | 3.7 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 24.4 (0.6) | 24.5 (0.5) | 27.0 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| Arthritis (%) | 8.9 (0.4) | 10.1 (0.3) | 12.1 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| NAFLD (%) | 21.6 (0.6) | 21.7 (0.5) | 23.4 (0.5) | 0.016 |
| Lean NAFLD (%) | 2.7 (0.2) | 3.9 (0.2) | 4.1 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 21.8 ± 0.3 | 21.0 ± 0.2 | 21.8 ± 0.2 | 0.022 |
| AST (IU/L) | 22.2 ± 0.2 | 21.1 ± 0.1 | 21.6 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
Values are the weighted means ± SE or weighted percentage (SE), as appropriate. * p values by analysis of variance for continuous variables and the Chi square test for categorical variables. HEPA, health-enhancing physical activity; BMI, body mass index; AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase.