Table 1.
Summary of the characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Year | Study Design | Level of Evidence * | Sample Size | Irradiation Time ** | Photosensitizer | Biofilm Inhibition | Wave-Length | Microorganism | Control Group | Biofilm Reduction (Log CFU/mL) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #1 | Zanin et al. [12] | 2006 | In vitro | III | 3 | 5 min | Toluidine blue | N/A | 660 nm | Streptococcus mutans | Negative | <3 |
| #2 | Muller et al. [13] | 2007 | In vitro | III | 9 | 1 min | Methylene blue | N/A | 665 nm | Multispecies biofilm | Negative and chlorexidine digluconate 2% | <1 |
| #3 | Lutti Martin et al. [14] | 2009 | In vitro | III | N/A | 1 min, 5 min, 15 min and 30 min | Fosfolipos and Hypericina | N/A | 400 nm–505 nm | Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus subrinus | Negative | 3 (S. subrinus) and <3 (S. mutans) |
| #4 | Mang et al. [15] | 2012 | In vitro | III | N/A | 5 min | Porfimer sodium | N/A | 630 nm | Streptococcus mutans | Negative | N/A |
| #5 | Rolim et al. [16] | 2012 | In vitro | III | 10 | 5 min | Methylene blue, Toluidine blue, Ortho and Malachite green | N/A | N/A | Streptococcus mutans | Negative | 3 |
| #6 | Fekrazad et al. [17] | 2013 | In vitro | III | N/A | 5 min | Toluidine blue, Radachlorine and Indocyanine green | N/A | 660 mm and 810 nm | Streptococcus mutans | Negative | <3 |
| #7 | Spinei et al. [18] | 2013 | In vitro | III | N/A | N/A | Antocianine extract and methylene blue | N/A | 625 nm–635 nm | Streptococcus mutans, mitis, gordoni and sobrinus | Negative | 4.1 |
| #8 | Araujo et al. [19] | 2014 | In vitro | III | N/A | 5 min | Curcumin | N/A | 420 nm | Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophillus | Negative | <1 |
| #9 | Manoil et al. [20] | 2014 | In vitro | III | 12 | 5 min and 10 min | Curcumin | N/A | 360 nm–550 nm | Streptococcus mutans | Negative | 2 |
| #10 | Diniz et al. [21] | 2015 | In vitro | III | 12 | 5 min | Methylene blue | N/A | 660 nm | Streptococcus mutans | Negative | 1.01 |
| #11 | Melo et al. [22] | 2015 | RCT | I | 45 | 5 min | Toluidine blue | N/A | 660 nm | Multispecies biofilm | Negative | <3 |
| #12 | Soria-Lozano et al. [23] | 2015 | In vitro | III | N/A | 1 min/ 1 h/3 h | Methylene blue, Rose Bengal, and Curcumin | N/A | N/A | Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis and Candida albicans | Negative | 6.0 (Streptococcus spp), 5.0 (C.albicans) |
| #13 | Cintia Lima et al. [24] | 2017 | In vitro | III | N/A | 10 min | Methylene blue | N/A | 660 nm | Streptococcus mutans | Negative | >3 |
| #14 | Fekrazad et al. [25] | 2017 | RCT | I | 22 | 1 min | Toluidine blue | N/A | 630 nm | Streptococcus mutans | Negative | 0.68 |
| #15 | Hyung-Jung et al. [26] | 2017 | In vitro | III | N/A | N/A | Curcumin and Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract | N/A | 405 nm | Streptococcus mutans | Negative | >3 |
| #16 | Leili Beytollahi [27] | 2017 | In vitro | III | N/A | 5 min | Methylene blue and Green Indocyanine | Yes | 635 nm | Streptococcus mutans | Negative | <3 |
| #17 | Nemezio et al. [28] | 2017 | In vitro | III | 4 | 5 min | Methylene blue | N/A | 660 nm | Streptococcus mutans | NaCL solution 0.9% and chlorhexidine digluconate 0.12% | 1 |
| #18 | Péres-Laguna et al. [29] | 2017 | In vitro | III | N/A | N/A | Methylene blue and Rose Bengal | N/A | N/A | Streptococcus mutansand sanguinis | Negative | 6 |
| #19 | Azizi et al. [30] | 2018 | In vitro | III | 6 | 5 min | Indocyanine green and Methylene blue | N/A | 660 nm and 808 nm | Lactobacillus acidophillus | Chlorexidine digluconate 0.2%, NaOCL2.5% and Penicilin 6.3.3 | N/A |
| #20 | Darmani et al. [31] | 2018 | In vitro | III | N/A | 5 min | Toluidine Blue | N/A | 670 nm | Streptococcus mutan, Streptococcus salivar, Lactobacillus casei and Actinomyces viscosus | Negative | <1 |
| #21 | Esteban Florez et al. [32] | 2018 | In vitro | III | 15 | 5 min | Methylene blue | N/A | 660 nm | Streptococcus mutans | Negative and chlorexidine digluconate 2% | 1,3 |
| #22 | Fumes et al. [33] | 2018 | In vitro | III | 3 | 1 min, 2 min, and 5 min | Methylene blue | N/A | N/A | Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans | Negative and chlorexidine digluconate 0.12% | <3 |
| #23 | Garcia et al. [34] | 2018 | In vitro | III | 10 | N/A | Fotoencitine and Photoditazine | N/A | 660 nm | Streptococcus mutans | Negative and Methylene Blue | Complete eradication (Fotoencitine) and 6 (Photoditazine) |
| #24 | Gholibegloo et al. [35] | 2018 | In vitro | III | 3 | 5 min | Indocyanine green | Yes | N/A | Streptococcus mutans | Negative | <1 |
| #25 | Gomez et al. [36] | 2018 | RCT | I | 10 | 3 min | Methylene blue | N/A | 670 nm | Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Tannerella forsythia | US technique | N/A |
| #26 | Míndez et al. [37] | 2018 | In vitro | III | 9 | 2 min | Curcumin | N/A | 455 nm | Streptococcus mutans | Negative | <3 |
| #27 | Oliveira et al. [38] | 2018 | In vitro | III | 6 | 2 min | Methylene Blue | N/A | 630 nm | Multispecies biofilm from saliva | Negative | <3 |
| #28 | Tokubo et al. [39] | 2018 | In vitro | III | 3 | 5 min | Erythrosine and Methylene blue | N/A | N/A | Streptococcus mutans | Negative and chlorexidine digluconate 0.12% | 4.3 |
| #29 | Trigo-Gutierrez et al. [40] | 2018 | In vitro | III | N/A | 30 min | Cloroaluminium phthalocyanine nanoemulsion | N/A | N/A | Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Streptococcus mutans | Negative | <3 |
| #30 | Alexandrino et al. [41] | 2019 | In vitro | III | N/A | N/A | Rose Bengal and Rose Bengal encapsulated with cyclodextrin | Yes | 520 nm | Streptococcus mutans | NaCL solution 0.9% and chlorhexidine digluconate 0.12% | Complete eradication |
| #31 | Alves et al. [42] | 2019 | RCT | I | 20 | 5 min | Methylene blue | N/A | 660 nm | Streptococcus mutans | Negative | 2.8 |
| #32 | Esper et al. [43] | 2019 | In vitro | III | 10 | 5 min | Hematoporfirine | N/A | 420 nm and 480 nm | Streptococcus mutans | Negative | <1 (biofilm) and 3.8 and 6.78 (planktonic) |
| #33 | Lamarke et al. [44] | 2019 | In vitro | III | 4 | 2 min | Curcumin | N/A | 420 nm | Multispecies biofilm | Negative and chlorexidine digluconate 0.12% | 1.32 |
| #34 | Pourbajibagher et al. [45] | 2019 | In vitro | III | 10 | 5 min | Cationic doped zinc oxide nanoparticle adhesive | Yes | 435 nm | Streptococcus mutans | Negative | 1.96 |
N/A: not available; min: minutes; h: hours; Negative: no treatment applied; * Level of evidence according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine; ** Pre-irradiation time; RCT: randomized clinical trial.