Figure 2.

Schematic illustration of challenges to the intraperitoneal aerosolization of nanotherapeutics using Pressurized Intraperitoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC). (A) Colloidal stability of NPs against the pressures generated during the nebulization process. (B) Colloidal stability of NPs in the presence of biofluids (e.g., Ascites). (C) Adsorption of highly abundant proteins present in the peritoneal cavity on the surface of NPs and subsequent phagocytosis by resident macrophages in filtering organs (e.g., spleen and liver). (D) Lymphatic drainage of NPs. (E) Penetration of NPs into the peritoneal nodules through the creation of a high artificial pressure gradient counteracting the elevated interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) in tumors.