Table 4.
Unadjusted and multivariable regression models (Adjusted for gender, age, BMI and smoking status) estimating the effects of a 1% increase in DNA methylation on cardiovascular outcomes (Peak VO2/Kg, PAS at rest and PAD at rest).
| N | Unadjusted Models | Multivariable Models | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β a | (95% CI) | p-Value | β a | (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
| Peak VO2/Kg (mL min−1 Kg−1) | |||||||
| ALU | 134 | 0.3 | (0.01, 0.6) | 0.045 | 0.38 | (0.13, 0.64) | 0.004 |
| LINE-1 | 118 | 0.37 | (0.02, 0.72) | 0.039 | 0.31 | (−0.01, 0.63) | 0.059 |
| NOS3 | 122 | 0.08 | (−0.07, 0.24) | 0.299 | 0.04 | (−0.1, 0.18) | 0.553 |
| EDN1 | 130 | 0.95 | (−0.06, 1.96) | 0.064 | 0.93 | (0.02, 1.83) | 0.046 |
| NOS2 | 130 | 0.17 | (0.03, 0.3) | 0.014 | 0.16 | (0.04, 0.27) | 0.009 |
| ICAM1 | 128 | 0.06 | (−0.25, 0.37) | 0.699 | 0.08 | (−0.21, 0.36) | 0.587 |
| TLR2 | 132 | 0 | (−0.1, 0.11) | 0.935 | 0 | (−0.11, 0.09) | 0.823 |
| TNF | 132 | 0.16 | (0.02, 0.31) | 0.029 | 0.14 | (0.01, 0.27) | 0.042 |
| Systolic blood pressure at rest (mmHg) | |||||||
| ALU | 134 | −0.4 | (−0.92, 0.14) | 0.146 | −0.5 | (−1.02, 0.05) | 0.074 |
| LINE-1 | 118 | −0.9 | (−1.6, −0.14) | 0.021 | −0.9 | (−1.59, −0.12) | 0.023 |
| NOS3 | 122 | −0.1 | (−0.36, 0.21) | 0.582 | 0 | (−0.31, 0.26) | 0.854 |
| EDN1 | 130 | −3.0 | (−4.93, −0.99) | 0.004 | −3.0 | (−4.89, −1.02) | 0.003 |
| NOS2 | 130 | −0.4 | (−0.63, −0.1) | 0.007 | −0.4 | (−0.65, −0.13) | 0.004 |
| ICAM1 | 128 | −0.1 | (−0.73, 0.52) | 0.740 | −0.2 | (−0.86, 0.4) | 0.474 |
| TLR2 | 132 | 0.1 | (−0.11, 0.32) | 0.344 | 0.11 | (−0.11, 0.32) | 0.323 |
| TNF | 132 | 0 | (−0.31, 0.29) | 0.940 | 0.01 | (−0.29, 0.31) | 0.957 |
| Diastolic blood pressure at rest (mmHg) | |||||||
| ALU | 134 | −0.4 | (−0.81, 0.08) | 0.104 | −0.3 | (−0.77, 0.1) | 0.125 |
| LINE-1 | 118 | −0.6 | (−1.19, 0.06) | 0.074 | −0.5 | (−1.11, 0.12) | 0.112 |
| NOS3 | 122 | −0.2 | (−0.42, 0.05) | 0.125 | −0.1 | (−0.34, 0.12) | 0.328 |
| EDN1 | 130 | −2.0 | (−3.62, −0.29) | 0.022 | −1.7 | (−3.34, −0.12) | 0.035 |
| NOS2 | 130 | −0.3 | (−0.51, −0.07) | 0.012 | −0.3 | (−0.5, −0.08) | 0.008 |
| ICAM1 | 128 | −0.1 | (−0.65, 0.41) | 0.654 | −0.2 | (−0.7, 0.35) | 0.506 |
| TLR2 | 132 | 0.07 | (−0.11, 0.24) | 0.465 | 0.05 | (−0.12, 0.22) | 0.555 |
| TNF | 132 | −0.1 | (−0.36, 0.14) | 0.378 | −0.1 | (−0.34, 0.15) | 0.459 |
a To estimate the effects of DNA methylation on cardiovascular outcomes, the level of each sequence methylation was examined in relation to cardiovascular outcomes. This association was verified on all the measures performed in the study, regardless of whether they were measured on samples taken at baseline (i.e., T0) or after physical training (T1). In the models, the two samples collected at different times are exchangeable, thus assuming that DNA methylation levels produced similar modifications at the two time points.