Table 2.
Summary of AP-1 interactions in T-cell immune responses.
| Gene Name | Direction of the Interaction | AP-1 Member | Mechanism | Activity | Cell Type | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD28 | → (upregulates) | cJun | PI3K, JNK and ERK dependent | T-cell activation | [42,60,61,62,63] | |
| ICOS | ← (upregulates) | Fra-2 and other AP-1 | TCR/CD28 stimulation/ ICOS promoter binding | Expansion of several T helper subsets and Tregs | T-cells | [77] |
| 4-1BB | ← (upregulates) | AP-1 | 4-1BB promoter binding. MEK and JNK dependent. | Co-stimulation of T-cells responses | T-cells | [79,80] |
| PD-1 | → (upregulates) | BATF | Inhibits T-cell function | T-cells in chronic viral infections | [85] | |
| PD-1 | ← (upregulates) | c-Fos | PD-1 promoter binding | Increased tumor burden when expressed in infiltrating T-cells | T-cells in mouse model of lung carcinoma | [86] |
| PD-L1 | ← (upregulates) | cJun, JunB | PD-L1 promoter binding | EBV(+) tumor cells | [91] | |
| PD-L1 | ← (upregulates) | cJun | MAPK dependent | BRAFi melanoma cell lines | [92] | |
| PD-L1 | ← (upregulates) | cJun | PD-L1 promoter binding. MAPK dependent | Lung carcinoma | [93] | |
| CTLA-4 | → (downregulates) | AP-1 | MAPK dependent | Inhibits T-cell activation | CD4+ T-cells or T-cell blasts | [102,103] |
| FOXP3 | → (downregulates) | cJun, cFos | JNK dependent | Maintains unresponsiveness of Tregs | Natural occurring Tregs | [110] |
| FOXP3 | ← (upregulates) | cJun, cFos | FOXP3 promoter binding. JNK dependent | Controls FOXP3 promoter activity | Sepsis model of Tregs | [111] |
| FOXP3 | ← (upregulates) | AP-1 | TGFb-induced FOXP3 promoter binding. MAPK dependent | Controls FOXP3 transcriptional activity | Tregs | [113] |
| FOXP3 | ← (downregulates) | BATF3 | FOXP3 promoter binding | Transcriptional suppressor of differentiation of Tregs | Tregs | [114] |
| ICOS, CTLA-4 | ← (upregulate) | JunB | IRF4 dependent | Loss of JunB in Tregs results in multi-organ autoimmunity | Tregs | [118] |