Table 5.
Compare the concentrations and composition of PAHs in sludge from other studies around the world.
| Location | Sludge Type | ΣPAHs (mg/kg) | ΣCPAHs (mg/kg) | Dominant PAHs a (percentage) |
Dominant PAHs Ring (percentage) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China (Zhejiang) | Sewage (dom/ind) b | 33.73–82.58 56.7 ± 18.5 |
5.8–28.7 15.4 ± 7.5 |
PH (27) d, FLU (12) | 3 (42), 4 (30) | [24] |
| China (Beijing) | Sewage (dom/ind) | 2.47–25.92 8.31 ± 8.79 |
2.08–23.0 6.15 ± 8.24 |
CH (10), BbF (22), BaP (15), BP (18) | 4 (23), 5 (51), 6 (21) | [25] |
| China (Guangdong) | Sewage (dom/ind) | 2.53–6.93 4.40 ± 2.27 |
0.70–1.01 0.87 ± 0.16 |
PH (30), FLU (16), PY (18) | 3 (43), 4 (42) | [26] |
| China (Taian) | Sewage (dom/ind) | 2.81–3.18 3.00 ± 0.26 |
0.12–0.61 0.36 ± 0.35 |
NA (26), PH (22), FLU (13) | 2 (26), 3 (42), 4 (29) | [27] |
| China (Harbin) | Sewage (dom/ind) | 2.2–20 8.2 |
Na c | na | 5&6 (55), 4 (25), 2 (20) | [28] |
| Japan | Sewage | 0.069 ± 0.038 | na | na | na | [18] |
| Turkey (Bursa) | Sewage (dom/ind) | 1.78–19.9 6.08 ± 4.69 |
1.31–11.57 4.18 ± 2.77 |
na | na | [29] |
| Korea | Sewage (urban/rural) | 1.30–44.9 10.4 ± 17.0 |
0.23–25.6 4.8 ± 10.2 |
FLU (14), PY (13), BbF (11) | 4 (39), 5 (32) | [30] |
| Tunisia | Sewage (various) | 0.096–7.72 1.25 ± 2.45 |
0.005–1.37 0.21 ± 0.44 |
PH (28), PY (16), NA (16) | 3 (34), 4 (40), 2 (16) | [20] |
| Switzerland | Sewage (dom/ind/runoff) | 1.01–22.6 7.10 ± 5.73 |
0.46–12.41 3.18 ± 3.25 |
PH (11), FLU (17), PY (14), BbF (11) | 3 (17), 4 (44), 5 (29) | [31] |
| Kuwait | Sewage (urban) | 2.01–7.76 4.33 ± 2.22 |
0.02–2.06 1.42 ± 0.74 |
PH (14), AN (11), DBA (11) | 3 (45), 4 (23), 5 (19) | [32] |
| Italy (Venice) | Sewage (urban) | 1.26–1.44 1.35 ± 0.13 |
0.57–0.73 0.65 ± 0.11 |
PY (8.7), BaA (8.6), CH (8.2) | 3 (28), 4 (32), 5 (26) | [19] |
| Spain (Catalonia) | Sewage (urban) | 1.13–5.52 3.02 ± 1.55 |
0.34–2.25 0.76 ± 0.64 |
PH (25), PY (13), FLU (9.0) | 3 (43), 4 (31) | [33] |
| Spain (Cadiz) | Sewage (urban) | 1.97–10.1 4.97 ± 1.9 |
0.47–4.61 1.93 ± 0.99 |
ACY (11), PH (9.3), PY (19) | 3 (28), 4 (38) | [34] |
| India (Delhi) | Sewage | 14.9–24.2 20.67 ± 4.14 |
9.81 ± 2.35 | BP, DBA. | 6 (33), 5 (31) | [35] |
| Poland | Sewage | 2.04–36.44 11.61 ± 8.72 |
4.30 | ACY (18), FLU (17), BbF (16) | 3 (34), 4 (39) | [36] |
| Poland | Dairy sewage | 0.498 | 0.12 | ACY (2), FL (13), PY (21) | 3 (45), 4 (36) | [16] |
| United Kingdom | Sewage | 18–94 44.8 |
4.5–27.6 13.2 |
FL (13), PH (17), FLU (11) | 3 (39), 4 (30) | [1] |
| Jordan (Karak) | Sewage (dom/ind) | 0.029–0.039 0.034 ± 0.005 |
0.009–0.016 0.013 ± 0.004 |
FL (14), PH (17), BP (17) | 3 (34), 4 (30), 6 (21) | [17] |
| Taiwan | Sewage (urban) | 0.53–1.07 0.75 ± 0.26 |
0.021–0.037 0.028 ± 0.007 |
PY (16), FLU (12), CH (10) | 3 (19), 4 (42), 5 (20) | This study |
a The definitions of compound abbreviation see Table 2; b dom: domestic, ind: industrial; c Not available; d The values in parentheses indicate the percentage to total PAHs.