Table 1.
LncRNAs in HNC.
| lncRNA | Description | Cancer Type | Expression | Function and Mechanism | Application | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADAMTS9-AS2 | - | TSCC | UP | Regulates miR-6010/EZH2 promoting cell migration and invasion via ETM processes | Diagnostic and prognostic biomarker | [37] | |
| AFAP1-AS1 | LncRNA actin filament-associated protein 1 antisense RNA1 | NPC | UP | Affects the expression of cytoskeletally-regulated proteins via inhibiting the Rho/Rac signaling pathway. Promotes cell migration and metastasis | Diagnostic and prognostic biomarker | [38] | |
| CBR3-AS1 | PlncRNA-1 prostate cancer-up-regulated long noncoding RNA1 | ESCC | UP | Promotes cell proliferation and correlates with advanced clinical stage and lymph node metastasis | Diagnostic and prognostic biomarker | [39,40,41] | |
| ESCCAL-1 | - | ESCC | UP | Knockdown ESCCAL-1 expression increases apoptosis and reduces invasion. | Diagnostic biomarker | [42] | |
| FIRRE | LncRNA functional intergenic repeating RNA element | HNSCC | UP | Interacts with the nuclear matrix factor hnRNPU across at least five distinct trans-chromosomal loci | Roles in cell physiology and nuclear architecture | [43,44] | |
| FOXCUT | FOXC1 upstream transcript | NPC OSCC | UP | Inhibits cell proliferation and cell migration | Diagnostics biomarker and therapeutics target | [45] | |
| GAS8-AS1 | LncRNA growth arrest-specific 8-antisense RNA 1 | PTC | DOWN | Inhibits cell viability | Diagnostic and therapeutic target | [46] | |
| H19 | - | NPC HNSCC |
UP | Promotes cell invasion by inhibiting the activity of miR-630 and enhancing the expression of zeste homolog2 (EZH2). MiR-675 is correlated with H19. | Prognostic biomarker | [47]. | |
| HNF1A-AS | Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1A antisense RNA | NPC | UP | Increases mesenchymal proteins N-cadherin and vimentin levels. Reduces the epithelial E-cadherin protein levels. Promotes cell cycle progression, tumor cell proliferation, and migration. | Therapeutics target | [48] | |
| HOTAIR | Homeobox transcript antisense RNA | NPC | UP | Promotes cancer growth, angiogenesis and metastasis | Diagnostic and prognostic biomarker | [33,34,35,36] | |
| LncRNA-LET | LncRNA-Low Expression in tumor | NPC | DOWN | Associates with cell proliferation, lymph node metastasis. Low levels of LET expression are induced by EZH2-mediated H3K27 histone methylation in Let promoter region | Diagnostic biomarker | [49] | |
| LncRNA-ROR | - | NPC | UP | Promotes cell proliferation, metastasis and invasion ability by inducing an EMT phenotype. | Therapeutic target | [50] | |
| LOC541471 | HNSCC | UP | Increases lymph node metastasis and perineural invasion | Prognostic factor | [51] | ||
| MALAT-1 | Metastasis Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 | TSCC | UP | Reduces miR-124 expression and increases growth and metastasis of TSCC cells via targeting jagged 1 (JAG1). Induces EMT, promotes migration ad invasion and inhibits apoptosis of TSCC cells. | Diagnostic and prognostic biomarker | [52] | |
| MEG3 | Maternally expressed Gene 3 | TSCC | DOWN | Inhibits cell proliferation and the cell cycle, promotes cell apoptosis; DNMT3B is the intermediary by witch miR-26a regulates MEG3 expression. | Diagnostic and prognostic biomarker | [53] | |
| PTCSC2 | - | PTC | DOWN | Influences genes expression and cell cycle | - | [54] | |
| PTCSC3 | - | PTC | DOWN | Inhibits cell grow, influences the expression of genes involved in DNA replication, recombination and repair; cellular movement; tumor morphology and cell death. | Diagnostic biomarker | [55] | |
| PVT1 | - | TC | UP | Promotes cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in TC by recruiting EZH2 and regulating TSHR | Diagnostic biomarker | [56] | |
| UCA1 | Urothelial carcinoma- associated 1 | TSCC | UP | Promotes migration | Diagnostic and therapeutic strategy | [57] | |