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. 2019 Jul 16;20(14):3485. doi: 10.3390/ijms20143485

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Effects of low-molecular-weight chitosan on the epithelial cell apoptosis in the small intestine of weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. (A) Representative scattergram of apoptotic epithelial cells in the small intestine of weaned pigs among the three groups. (B) Early-stage apoptotic cells. (C) Late-stage apoptotic cells. (D) Total apoptotic cells. a–c Means with different letters on vertical bars indicate significant differences (P < 0.05). Values are means (n = 8 pigs/treatment), with standard errors represented by vertical bars. CON: non-infected control (pigs received the basal diet and infused with sterilised Luria–Bertani culture); ETEC: ETEC-infected control (pigs received the basal diet and infused with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli); ETEC + LMWC: pigs received the basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg low-molecular-weight chitosan and infused with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Cells that stain negative for PE Annexin V and positive for 7-AAD are necrotic cells (B−+); cells that stain positive for both PE Annexin V and 7-AAD are in the late-stage of apoptosis (B++); cells that stain negative for both PE Annexin V and 7-AAD are normal cells (B−−); cells that stain positive for PE Annexin V and negative for 7-AAD are undergoing the early-stage of apoptosis (B+−). 7-AAD, 7-aminoactinomycin D.