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(a) Cilia in the rabbit tracheal, from Sanderson and Sleight [31] with permission. (b) Flagella of a normal spermatozoon, from Oliveira et al. [32] with permission. (c) The beating pattern of a cilium can be separated into an effective stroke (left arrows) and a recovery stroke (right arrows). (d) The beating pattern of a flagellum initiates from the base and propagates to the tip as a curly wave.
