Table 4.

Probiotics and acne.

Key Microbes Involved	Potentially Beneficial Microorganisms	Main Mechanism of Action	Experimental Model
C. acne (hyper-colonization and dominance of virulent strains)	Staphylococcus epidermidis [18]	Fermentation of glycerol (inhibition of C. acnes growth)	In vitro
	Streptococcus salivarius [166]	Production of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (inhibition of C. acnes growth)	In vitro
	Lactococcus sp. HY449 [167]	Release of bacteriocin (inhibition of C. acnes growth)	In vitro
	Streptococcus thermophiles [169,170]	Increase in ceramide production, secondary antimicrobial activity (restoration of the skin barrier, inhibition of C. acnes growth)	In vivo, In vitro
	Lactobacillus paracasei [173,174]	Suppression of substance P-induced inflammation (reduction of inflammation)	Ex vivo
	Enterococcus faecalis [178]	Production of enterocins (inhibition of C. acnes growth)	In vivo
	Lactobacillus plantarum [179]	Production of antimicrobial peptides (inhibition of C. acnes growth)	In vivo