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Topography and origin of abdominal pain.
| Pain Localization | Embryonic Origin | Anatomic Localization | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Epigastrium | Foregut | Proximal to the Treitz ligament, including the hepatobiliary system and the spleen | [51] |
| Periumbilical | Midgut | Treitz ligament to the colon’s hepatic angle | |
| Hypogastrium | Hindgut | Colonic liver angle up to rectum |
