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. 2019 Jul 2;8(7):959. doi: 10.3390/jcm8070959

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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GAM-derived exosomes harbor miR-21, which promote GBM tumorigenesis. (A) Representative transmission electronic micrograph of exosomes isolated from clinical GAMs (left); Western blot validation of exosomes isolated from GAM culture medium showed the expression of CD9, CD63, and CD81. (B) Increased temozolomide (TMZ) resistance in U87MG and LN18 cells cocultured with exosomes (+exo). Enhanced colony-forming ability (C) and tumor-sphere-generating ability (D) in the presence GAM-derived exosomes. (E) MicroRNA profiling analyses showed that exosomes (two samples) isolated from M2 GAMs contained a high level of miR-21. Scale lengths = 100 μm, * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.