Table 3.

The summary of findings regarding cross-modal associations between olfactory and hand-feel touch cues.

Types of Olfactory Cues	Presentation Types of Olfactory Cues	Types of Touch Cues	Presentation Types of Touch Cues	Key Findings	References
Orthonasal odor	Wine (red & white); Overall aroma intensity, fruity aroma intensity	Shape	Wine glasses	Aroma intensities were rated higher when wines were served in bowl-shaped glass than in tulip-shaped glass (in white and red wines)	Cliff [178]
Retronasal odor	Hot chocolate, beer, & orange juice; Overall flavor intensity, overall pleasantness	Shape	Receptacle (bottles vs. cups vs. glasses)	Hot chocolate, beer, and orange juice were rated to be most pleasant when consumed from bottles (compared to glasses and cups)	Raudenbush et al. [189]
Orthonasal odor	Wine (red); Overall aroma intensity, fruity aroma intensity, vinegar aroma intensity, oak/woodiness aroma intensity, mustiness aroma intensity	Shape	Wine glasses	Odor intensity of red wine samples were rated as less intense when presented in tapered bulb-shaped glasses than open bulb-shaped and square-shaped glasses	Delwiche & Pelchat [179]
Retronasal odor	Wine (red & white); Overall aroma intensity, overall pleasantness	Shape	Wine glasses	Odor intensity of red and white wine samples were rated as most intense when presented in bulbous-shaped glass than tulip-shaped and beaker-shaped glasses	Hummel et al. [180]
Orthonasal odor	Lemon & animal odors	Roughness/softness	Treated fabric squares	Fabrics of varying degrees of softness were rated softer in the presence of a lemon odor (compared to an animal-like odor)	Demattè et al. (Experiment 1) [181]
Orthonasal odor, retronasal odor	Wine (toasted odor wine); Overall aroma intensity, overall quality	Shape	Wine glasses	Odor intensity of toasted wine samples were rated as most intense when presented in a specific wine glass (Schott Zwiesel type Cask-aged spirits 8432/17 with 209 x 76 mm dimensions)	Vilanova et al. [182]
Orthonasal odor	Feminine fragrance (Hanae Mori White) & masculine fragrance (Hanae Mori Black) (Experiment 1); Pumpkin cinnamon & eucalyptus-spearmint (Experiment 2); Pleasantness, likeability	Roughness/smoothness (Experiment 1); Temperature (Experiment 2)	Textured paper (Experiment 1); Gel packs (warm & cold) (Experiment 2)	Experiment 1: Smooth-textured paper was rated more positively in the presence of a feminine smell; rough-textured paper was rated more positively in the presence of a masculine smellExperiment 2: A warm gel-pack with a “warm” pumpkin cinnamon smell was rated more positively than with a “cold” eucalyptus-spearmint smell; a cold gel-pack with a “cold” eucalyptus-spearmint smell was rated more positively than a “warm” pumpkin cinnamon smell	Krishna et al. (Experiments 1 & 2) [183]
Retronasal odor	Lemon yogurt; Overall flavor intensity	Curvature (round/angular)	Yogurt packaging/container	Angular yogurt containers were perceived as more intense in taste (compared to rounded yogurt containers)	Becker et al. [9]
Orthonasal odor	Liquid soap; Overall fragrance intensity	Weight	Soap bottles	Fragranced liquid soap in heavier bottles were rated as having a higher fragrance intensity than soap in lighter bottles	Gatti et al. [184]
Retronasal odor	Noodles; Savory flavor intensity	Shape, material	Plates, bowls (ceramic, glass, paper, metal)	No differences with regards to touch stimuli	Zhou et al. (Experiment 2) [194]
Retronasal odor	Beer; Overall flavor quality, pleasantness	Shape, material	Beer cans vs. bottles	Beers served in bottles were rated higher in taste quality (poor/good) (compared to cans)	Barnett et al. [195]
Orthonasal odor, retronasal odor	Cola & sparkling water; Overall aroma intensity, pleasantness	Shape	Glasses	The aromas of cola drinks served in cola glass were rated more intense and pleasant than when served in a straight water glass or bulbous bottle	Cavazzana et al. [185]
Orthonasal odor, retronasal odor	Beer; Overall aroma pleasantness, overall flavor pleasantness, overall flavor intensity; fruitiness aroma intensity	Shape	Glasses	Higher glass curvature was associated with higher overall odor intensity (in beer)	Mirabito et al. [186]
Retronasal odor	Ice cream; Overall flavor intensity	Sharpness/smoothness	3D-printed cups	Ice cream served in angular-surfaced bowls were rated higher in intensity	Van Rompay et al. [196]
Retronasal odor	Potato chips; Overall flavor intensity	Roughness/smoothness	Bowls	Salted chips served in rough and uneven bowls were rated higher in saltiness and taste intensity than when served in smooth and even bowls	Van Rompay & Groothedde [197]