Table 1.

Ovarian cancer stem cell markers and stem cell signaling pathways.

Marker/Signaling Pathway	Type of Protein	Function in Ovarian Cancer Stem Cell	Reference
CD44 (CD44v6)	Glycosylated transmembrane receptor	Tumor initiation, transcoelomic metastasis, hematogenous metastasis, chemoresistance	[27,30,33,37,38,39,40]
CD117	Tyrosine kinase receptor	Tumor initiation, transcoelomic metastasis, chemoresistance	[33,41,42]
ALDH	Enzyme responsible for oxidizing intracellular aldehydes	Tumor initiation, transcoelomic metastasis, hematogenous metastasis, chemoresistance	[29,31,34,40,41,43,44,45]
CD133	Pentaspan transmembrane glycoprotein	Tumor initiation, adhesion, invasion, transcoelomic metastasis, chemoresistance	[28,29,32,34,40,46]
CD24	Mucin-like cell surface glycoprotein	Tumor initiation, self-renewal, multi-differentiation, transcoelomic metastasis, chemoresistance	[27,35,45,47]
EpCAM	Type I transmembrane glycoprotein	Tumor initiation, multi-differentiation, sphere formation, chemoresistance, prevention of chemotherapy induced-apoptosis	[27,36,45,48]
Wnt	Palmitoylated secreted glycoprotein	chemoresistance	[42,45,49]
Nothch	Type I transmembrane glycoprotein	chemoresistance	[50,51]
Hedgehog	Secreted signaling protein	chemoresistance	[52,53,54]