DNA damage response is induced by irradiation. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images of NSCs 4 h after irradiation to 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 Gy doses stained with γ-H2AX antibody (green). DAPI (blue) was used to stain the nuclei. Original magnification: 400×. (B) Quantification of γ-H2AX nuclear foci 4 h after irradiation to 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 Gy doses. Mean values: 0 Gy-2.49, 1 Gy-3.67, 2 Gy-6.82, 4 Gy-9.24, 8 Gy-11.82; p = 0.0002. (C) Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of mRNA levels of Cdkn1a and Gadd45a genes 4 h after irradiation to 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 Gy doses. Gapdh was used as a reference gene. Mean values-Cdkn1a: 0 Gy-1, 1 Gy-1.92, 2 Gy-2.35, 4 Gy-2.68, 8 Gy-2.93; p < 0.0001; -Gadd45: 0 Gy-1, 1 Gy-1.14, 2 Gy-1.46, 4 Gy-1.50, 8 Gy-1.9; p = 0.0199.