Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants by body mass index category.
| Characteristic | Overall | BMI Category (kg/m2) | p for Trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <18.5 | 18.5–22.9 | 23–24.9 | 25–29.9 | ≥30 | |||
| Number | 171,322 | 9982 | 77,595 | 38,177 | 40,499 | 5069 | |
| Age (years) 1 | 37.9 (8) | 34.5 (6.5) | 37.2 (7.7) | 39.1 (8.4) | 39 (8.2) | 36.7 (7.4) | <0.001 |
| Male (%) | 54 | 12.1 | 36.5 | 70.7 | 79.6 | 75 | <0.001 |
| Fatty liver (%) | 25.9 | 0.5 | 7.4 | 29.5 | 57 | 84.3 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 22.5 | 7.9 | 15.6 | 27.0 | 32.8 | 34.5 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake (%) 2 | 23.2 | 8.1 | 15.9 | 27.8 | 34.5 | 35.7 | <0.001 |
| HEPA (%) | 16.3 | 10.3 | 15.4 | 17.9 | 17.8 | 16.8 | <0.001 |
| Higher education (%) 3 | 79.7 | 79 | 79.5 | 80.5 | 80.2 | 75.7 | 0.675 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) 1 | 109.1 (12.9) | 99.5 (9.8) | 104.7 (11.5) | 111.5 (11.7) | 116 (11.9) | 121.9 (12.9) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) 1 | 69.8 (9.8) | 64.4 (7.8) | 66.9 (8.8) | 71.2 (9.4) | 74.2 (9.8) | 77.1 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) 1 | 93.3 (8.4) | 89.1 (7.5) | 91.4 (7.8) | 94.4 (8.1) | 96.2 (8.5) | 98 (9) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) 1 | 193.2 (33.9) | 178 (28.7) | 186.4 (31.6) | 197.6 (33.7) | 203.9 (34.8) | 207.3 (35.6) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) 1 | 119.6 (31.8) | 98.5 (24.5) | 111.3 (29.1) | 125.9 (30.9) | 132.7 (31.5) | 136.4 (31.6) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) 1 | 58.9 (15.1) | 70.7 (14.3) | 63.8 (14.7) | 55.7 (13.3) | 51 (12.1) | 47.3 (10.9) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) 4 | 89 (63–131) | 62 (50–79) | 73 (56–101) | 100 (72–142) | 126 (89–179) | 149 (106–210) | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) 4 | 18 (12–27) | 12 (10–16) | 14 (11–20) | 20 (14–28) | 26 (18–39) | 37 (25–60) | <0.001 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) 4 | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) | 0.2 (0.2–0.4) | 0.3 (0.2–0.6) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 1.3 (0.7–2.6) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR 4 | 1.16 (0.77–1.72) | 0.80 (0.53–1.16) | 0.96 (0.65–1.37) | 1.21 (0.84–1.71) | 1.62 (1.13–2.28) | 2.67 (1.88–3.78) | <0.001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/d) 2,5 | 1491.2 (1098.9–1899.6) | 1362.0 (991.0–1747.1) | 1435.7 (1049.0–1830.5) | 1527.6 (1138.9–1934.9) | 1584.3 (1192.6–2011.2) | 1652.9 (1236.3–2154.0) | <0.001 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | |||||||
| 1–2 (%) | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.018 |
| ≥3 (%) | 0.01 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.756 |
Data are 1 mean (standard deviation), 4 median (interquartile range), or percentage. 2 ≥20 g of ethanol per day; 3 ≥College graduate. ALT = alanine aminotransferase, BMI = body mass index, BP = blood pressure, HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HEPA = health-enhancing physical activity, hsCRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. 5 Among 141,911 participants with plausible estimated energy intake levels (within three standard deviations from the log-transformed mean energy intake).