Table 3.
Biomarkers detected in salivary EVs. Salivary EVs can be purified using different EV isolation techniques and can be exploited as biomarkers because they contain disease-related proteins and exRNA.
| Disease | Isolation Method | EV Biomarkers | Type of Biomarker | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brain injury and neurological disorders | Differential ultracentrifugation | CDC2, CSNK1A1, and CTSD | mRNA | [117] |
| XYCQ EV Enrichment KIT | α-synuclein | protein | [119] | |
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma | Differential ultracentrifugation | CD63 | protein | [126,127] |
| Differential ultracentrifugation | PPIA | protein | [128] | |
| Charge-based precipitation | miR-412-3p, miR-512-3p, miR-27a-3p, miR-494-3p, miR-302b-3p, miR-517b-3p | miRNA | [129] | |
| Lung cancer | Affinity chromatography column combined with filter system (ACCF) | Annexin A1, A2, A3, A5, A6, A11; NPRL2; CEACAM1; MUC1; PROM1; HIST1H4A; TNFAIP3 | protein | [130] |
| Affinity chromatography column combined with filter system (ACCF) | BPIFA1, CRNN, MUC5B, IQGAP | protein | [131] | |
| Head and neck carcinoma | Differential ultracentrifugation | miR-486-5p, miR-486-3p, miR-10b-5p, miR-122 | miRNA | [132] |
| Pancreatic cancer | Total Exosome Isolation Reagent (Invitrogen) | miR-1246, miR-4644 | miRNA | [133] |
| Differential ultracentrifugation | Apbb1ip, Aspn, BCO31781, Daf2, Foxp1, Gng2, Incenp | mRNA | [134] |
CDC2: Cyclin-dependent kinase A-1, CSNK1A1: Casein Kinase 1 Alpha 1, CTSD: Cathepsin D, PPIA: Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A, NPRL2: GATOR complex protein NPRL2, CEACAM1: Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, MUC1: Mucin 1, PROM1: Prominin 1, HIST1H4A: Histone H4, TNFAIP3: Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3, BPIFA1: BPI fold-containing family A member 1, CRNN: Cornulin, MUC5B: Mucin 5b, IQGAP: Ras GTPase-activating-like protein IQGAP1.