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. 2019 Jul 2;8(7):670. doi: 10.3390/cells8070670

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Inflammatory processes in the intestinal crypt. In inflammatory state, enteric glia cells are activated by proinflammatory cytokines and factors like antimicrobial peptides. Under the influence of the sympathetic neural activity neurotrophic factors are produced and extruded. Inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, T helper (Th) cells, and type 3 innate lymphoid cell (ILC3), interleukin-22 (IL-22) are produced that play a pivotal role in modulating inflammation and stimulating host defense/antimicrobial peptide secretion.