Figure 3.

Transmission coefficient (magnitude and phase) of the reference (REF) channel without liquid (a), and with deionized (DI) water (b), inferred from electromagnetic and circuit simulation. The element values of the equivalent circuit model are (in reference to Figure 2): Z₀ = 50 Ω, kl = 78.51°, L = 2.40 nH, C = 2.51 pF, C_ref = 5.74 pF, G = 0.18 mS, and G_ref = 1.31 mS. Note that in the circuit simulations of (a), C_ref = 0 pF and G_ref = 0 mS, as corresponds to the absence of any liquid in the channel.