Algorithm 1. Conventional Particle Swarm Optimization for TSP

select swarm size and maximum iterations

define fitness function

preset acceleration coefficients (c1, c2) and inertia weight (w)

for each particle do

initialize velocity and position

evaluate initial fitness value

record initial Pis and Pgs

end

while maximum iterations or minimum error criteria is not achieved do

for each particle do

calculate the new velocity using Equation (1)

update the new position using Equation (2)

evaluate new fitness function

update Pis and Pgs

end

end