Table 1.
Baseline demographic and neuropsychological evaluations of participants
| Characteristics | Overall (n=91) | CE program (n=43) | SC training (n=48) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 84.33 (7.17) | 85.3 (5.89) | 83.46 (8.11) | 0.222a |
| Gender (%) | 0.203b | |||
| Male | 34 (37.4) | 19 (44.2) | 15 (31.3) | |
| Female | 57 (62.6) | 24 (55.8) | 33 (68.8) | |
| Marital status (%) | 0.431b | |||
| Married | 14 (15.4) | 10 (23.3) | 8 (16.7) | |
| Single/divorced | 77 (84.6) | 33 (76.7) | 40 (83.3) | |
| Education level (%) | 0.288b | |||
| No schooling/Primary | 26 (28.6) | 10 (23.3) | 16 (33.3) | |
| Secondary/Tertiary | 65 (71.4) | 33 (76.7) | 32 (66.7) | |
| Self-care (%) | 0.614b | |||
| Fully self-care | 28 (30.8) | 13 (30.2) | 13 (27.1) | |
| Partially self-care | 53 (58.2) | 22 (51.2) | 29 (60.4) | |
| Totally incapacitated | 10 (11.0) | 8 (18.6) | 6 (12.5) | |
| MMSE score, mean (SD) | 18.55 (4.97) | 18.72 (4.85) | 18.40 (5.13) | 0.758a |
| QOL-AD scores, mean (SD) | 30.11 (5.44) | 29.14 (5.63) | 30.98 (5.16) | 0.108a |
| CSDD score, mean (SD) | 4.45 (3.46) | 3.79 (2.57) | 5.04 (4.03) | 0.085a |
| FACS score, mean (SD) | ||||
| Social Communication | 5.85 (0.90) | 5.88 (0.96) | 5.83 (0.85) | 0.802a |
| Communication of Basic Needs | 6.04 (1.08) | 5.82 (1.10) | 6.23 (1.05) | 0.073a |
Notes: aIndependent sample t-test. bChi-square test.
Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; QOL-AD, Quality of Life–Alzheimer’s Disease; CSDD, Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia; FACS, Functional Assessment of Communication Skills; CE, creative expression; SC, standard cognitive.