Table 2.
Outcome at baseline, postintervention, and 1 month follow-up
| Measures | Groups CE (n=43) or SC (n=48) | Baseline mean (SD) | Postintervention mean (SD) | Follow-up mean (SD) | Postintervention | Follow-up | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P-value (group) | P-value (time) | Effect size (95% CI) | P-value (group) | P-value (time) | Effect size (95% CI) | |||||
| MMSE | CE | 18.72 (4.85) | 20.47 (5.75) | 19.77 (5.57) | 0.344 | 0.001a | d=−1.74 (−2.68，-0.81) | 0.247 | 0.017a | d=−1.05 (−1.90，-0.20) |
| SC | 18.40 (5.13) | 19.29 (6.00) | 18.35 (5.96) | 0.066 | d=−0.90 (−1.86，0.06) | 0.943 | d=−0.04 (−1.13，-1.21) | |||
| QOL-AD | CE | 29.14 (5.63) | 32.33 (6.47) | 31.33 (5.48) | 0.110 | 0.001a | d=−3.186 (−4.99, −1.38) | 0.030a | 0.010a | d=2.19 (−3.81, −0.56) |
| SC | 30.98 (5.16) | 30.13 (5.96) | 28.65 (6.25) | 0.181 | d=0.854 (−0.41, 2.12) | 0.004a | d=0.854 (−0.79, 3.87) | |||
| CSDD | CE | 3.79 (2.57) | 2.26 (2.49) | 2.86 (2.22) | 0.060 | 0.001a | d=1.535 (0.70, 2.37) | 0.047a | 0.012a | d=0.930 (0.22, 1.64) |
| SC | 5.04 (4.03) | 3.44 (3.26) | 4.90 (6.24) | 0.015a | d=1.60 (0.33, 2.88) | 0.872 | d=0.146 (−1.67, 1.96) | |||
| FACS | ||||||||||
| Social Communication | CE | 5.88 (0.96) | 6.38 (0.77) | 6.41 (0.77) | 0.010a | 0.003a | d=−0.50 (−0.82, −0.18) | 0.001a | <0.001a | d=−0.53 (−0.75, −0.31) |
| SC | 5.83 (0.85) | 5.94 (0.81) | 5.86 (0.69) | 0.151 | d=−0.11 (−0.27, 0.04) | 0.810 | d=−0.03 (−0.27, 0.21) | |||
| Communication of Basic Needs | CE | 5.82 (1.10) | 6.35 (0.79) | 6.17 (1.06) | 0.150 | 0.003a | d=−0.53 (−0.86, −0.20) | 0.240 | 0.069 | d=−0.36 (−0.74, 0.03) |
| SC | 6.23 (1.05) | 6.56 (0.62) | 6.42 (0.86) | 0.036a | d=−0.34 (−0.65, −0.02) | 0.259 | d=−0.19 (−0.52, 0.14) | |||
Notes: Effect size was defined as Cohen’s d of the CE group compared with the CG. Mean= adjusted mean after Bonferroni correction. aP<0.05.
Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; QOL-AD, Quality of Life–Alzheimer’s Disease; CSDD, Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia; FACS, Functional Assessment of Communication Skills; CE, creative expression; SC, standard cognitive; CI, confidence interval.