Table 1.
Recipients engaging in doctor hopping (DH) and/or doctor shopping (DS) by covariate
| DH | DS (4 × 4 × 90) | DH and DS (4 × 4 × 90) | DS (5 × 5 × 90) | DH and DS (5 × 5 × 90) | DS (6 × 6 × 90) | DH and DS (6 × 6 × 90) | All Opioid Recipients | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Origin | Urban | 4304 (0.67%) | 2724 (0.42%) | 229 (0.04%) | 764 (0.12%) | 89 (0.01%) | 257 (0.04%) | 38 (0.01%) | 645 920 |
| Rural | 5329 (0.76%) | 2561 (0.37%) | 227 (0.03%) | 654 (0.09%) | 80 (0.01%) | 224 (0.03%) | 37 (0.01%) | 698 961 | |
| Travel | In‐state | 5047 (0.4%) | 4033 (0.32%) | 183 (0.01%) | 1015 (0.08%) | 67 (0.01%) | 319 (0.03%) | 27 (<0.01%) | 1 253 485 |
| Out‐of‐state | 4586 (5.02%) | 1252 (1.37%) | 273 (0.30%) | 403 (0.44%) | 102 (0.11%) | 162 (0.18%) | 48 (0.05%) | 91 397 | |
| Sex | Male | 4294 (0.73%) | 2184 (0.37%) | 188 (0.03%) | 590 (0.1%) | 71 (0.01%) | 201 (0.03%) | 34 (0.01%) | 584 885 |
| Female | 5334 (0.7%) | 3097 (0.41%) | 268 (0.04%) | 827 (0.11%) | 98 (0.01%) | 280 (0.04%) | 41 (0.01%) | 758 215 | |
| Age | ≤20 | 96 (0.14%) | 16 (0.02%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (<0.01%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 69 383 |
| 21‐35 | 1444 (0.49%) | 1310 (0.44%) | 113 (0.04%) | 406 (0.14%) | 49 (0.02%) | 147 (0.05%) | 22 (0.01%) | 296 062 | |
| 36‐50 | 2610 (0.82%) | 2209 (0.7%) | 215 (0.07%) | 642 (0.2%) | 83 (0.03%) | 228 (0.07%) | 36 (0.01%) | 317 629 | |
| 51‐65 | 3278 (0.97%) | 1297 (0.38%) | 104 (0.03%) | 296 (0.09%) | 30 (0.01%) | 93 (0.03%) | 17 (0.01%) | 339 644 | |
| >65 | 2205 (0.68%) | 453 (0.14%) | 24 (0.01%) | 72 (0.02%) | 7 (<0.01%) | 13 (<0.01%) | 0 (0%) | 322 164 | |
| Payment | Commercial insurance | 6984 (0.79%) | 4932 (0.56%) | 430 (0.05%) | 1374 (0.16%) | 164 (0.02%) | 472 (0.05%) | 75 (0.01%) | 878 534 |
| Private pay | 2920 (1.03%) | 3777 (1.33%) | 342 (0.12%) | 1149 (0.4%) | 143 (0.05%) | 411 (0.14%) | 66 (0.02%) | 284 850 | |
| Medicaid | 1515 (0.96%) | 1720 (1.08%) | 161 (0.10%) | 518 (0.33%) | 74 (0.05%) | 170 (0.11%) | 34 (0.02%) | 158 551 | |
| Medicare | 2566 (1.17%) | 1208 (0.55%) | 125 (0.06%) | 302 (0.14%) | 46 (0.02%) | 99 (0.04%) | 21 (0.01%) | 220 184 | |
| Military installations/VA | 505 (1.61%) | 223 (0.71%) | 20 (0.06%) | 49 (0.16%) | 8 (0.03%) | 16 (0.05%) | 3 (0.01%) | 31 364 | |
| Workers compensation | 64 (0.88%) | 69 (0.95%) | 3 (0.04%) | 17 (0.23%) | 2 (0.03%) | 8 (0.11%) | 2 (0.03%) | 7235 | |
| Other | 783 (1.44%) | 824 (1.51%) | 83 (0.15%) | 283 (0.52%) | 37 (0.07%) | 128 (0.23%) | 21 (0.04%) | 54 552 | |
| Total | 9633 (0.72%) | 5285 (0.39%) | 456 (0.03%) | 1418 (0.11%) | 169 (0.01%) | 481 (0.04%) | 75 (0.01%) | 1 344 882 | |
Note. 4 × 4 × 90, 5 × 5 × 90, and 6 × 6 × 90 indicate recipients visited at least four, five, or six prescribers and four, five, or six pharmacies for opioids within 90 d.