Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants, according to FIB-4, NFS, BARD and AST/ALT ratio risk classes.
| NFS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low risk | Interm risk | High risk | p | |
| N (%) | 711 (73.9%) | 112 (11.6%) | 139 (14.5) | - |
| Age (years), mean(SD) | 73.2 (6.5) | 76.3 (6.8) | 78.4 (7) | < 0.001 |
| Sex (Female), n(%) | 403 (56.7%) | 72 (64.3%) | 59 (42.4%) | 0.001 |
| BMI (Kg/m2), mean(SD) | 26.8 (3.7) | 28.6 (4.4) | 29.9 (4.5) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n(%) | 460 (64.7%) | 80 (71.4%) | 96 (69.1%) | 0.274 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, n(%) | 53 (7.5%) | 29 (25.9%) | 51 (36.7%) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min), mean(SD) | 72.2 (13.5) | 68.8 (14.1) | 67.4 (15.1) | < 0.001 |
| Smoke (Pack-year), mean(SD) | 12.4 (20.6) | 10.8 (18.5) | 14.2 (22.3) | 0.643 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day), median(IQR) | 12 (20.4) | 12 (16.8) | 12 (31.2) | 0.331 |
| Physically Active, n(%) | 291 (41.1%) | 38 (33.9%) | 38 (27.5%) | 0.007 |
| Sarcopenia, n(%) | 51 (7.8%) | 14 (13.5%) | 19 (15.7%) | 0.009 |
| Frailty, n(%) | 53 (7.5%) | 11 (9.8%) | 26 (18.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Disability at baseline, n(%) | 29 (4.1%) | 5 (4.5%) | 15 (10.8%) | 0.004 |
| Disability at 6 years follow-up, n(%) | 55 (9.8%) | 9 (11.7%) | 20 (22%) | 0.003 |
| Follow-up (months), mean(SD) | 98.7 (25.8) | 89 (34.7) | 86.1 (32.7) | < 0.001 |
| Deaths, n(%) | 203 (28.6%) | 49 (43.8%) | 78 (56.1%) | < 0.001 |
| CV-deaths, n(%) | 76 (11%) | 24 (22.2%) | 39 (29.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Cancer deaths, n(%) | 48 (6.9%) | 12 (11.1%) | 14 (10.6%) | 0.155 |
| Respiratory deaths, n(%) | 18 (2.6%) | 2 (1.9%) | 5 (3.8%) | 0.631 |
| FIB-4 | ||||
| Low risk | Interm risk | High risk | p | |
| N (%) | 687 (71.4%) | 193 (20.0%) | 82 (8.6%) | - |
| Age (years), mean(SD) | 73.1 (6.3) | 76.4 (6.9) | 80 (7.2) | < 0.001 |
| Sex (Female), n(%) | 408 (59.4%) | 93 (48.2%) | 33 (40.2%) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (Kg/m2), mean(SD) | 27.7 (4.1) | 26.9 (4.1) | 26.3 (3.9) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n(%) | 457 (66.5%) | 128 (66.3%) | 51 (62.2%) | 0.735 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, n(%) | 101 (14.7%) | 24 (12.4%) | 8 (9.8%) | 0.388 |
| eGFR (mL/min), mean(SD) | 72.2 (13.8) | 69.2 (13.5) | 65.8 (14.1) | < 0.001 |
| Smoke (Pack-year), mean(SD) | 12.3 (20.2) | 11.5 (20.4) | 16.3 (23.6) | 0.126 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day), median(IQR) | 12 (19.2) | 12 (25.2) | 12 (32.7) | 0.275 |
| Physically Active, n(%) | 260 (38%) | 81 (42.2%) | 26 (32.1%) | 0.275 |
| Sarcopenia, n(%) | 47 (7.5%) | 19 (10.7%) | 18 (24.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Frailty, n(%) | 55 (8%) | 24 (12.4%) | 11 (13.4%) | 0.073 |
| Disability at baseline, n(%) | 27 (3.9%) | 15 (7.8%) | 7 (8.5%) | 0.033 |
| Disability at 6 years follow-up, n(%) | 50 (9.2%) | 18 (13%) | 16 (32.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Follow-up (months), mean(SD) | 98.1 (26.9) | 93 (30) | 82 (33.2) | < 0.001 |
| Deaths, n(%) | 196 (28.5%) | 77 (39.9%) | 57 (69.5%) | < 0.001 |
| CV-deaths, n(%) | 76 (11.4%) | 38 (20.5%) | 25 (32.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Cancer deaths, n(%) | 46 (6.9%) | 17 (9.2%) | 11 (14.1%) | 0.064 |
| Respiratory deaths, n(%) | 19 (2.8%) | 1 (0.5%) | 5 (6.4%) | 0.024 |
| BARD | ||||
| Low risk | Interm risk | High risk | p | |
| N (%) | 71 (7.4%) | 778 (80.8%) | 113 (11.8%) | - |
| Age (years), mean(SD) | 71 (5.1) | 74.5 (6.9) | 75.4 (6.8) | < 0.001 |
| Sex (Female), n(%) | 32 (45.1%) | 436 (56%) | 66 (58.4%) | 0.165 |
| BMI (Kg/m2), mean(SD) | 28.5 (3.8) | 26.7 (3.7) | 31.9 (3.3) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n(%) | 41 (57.7%) | 508 (65.3%) | 87 (77%) | 0.015 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, n(%) | 14 (19.7%) | 69 (8.9%) | 50 (44.2%) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min), mean(SD) | 74.2 (18.9) | 63.4 (19) | 71.3 (19.8) | < 0.001 |
| Smoke (Pack-year), mean(SD) | 18.2 (26.3) | 12.1 (20) | 11.6 (20.4) | 0.062 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day), median(IQR) | 16.8 (25.2) | 12 (20.1) | 12 (26.4) | 0.053 |
| Physically Active, n(%) | 34 (48.6%) | 304 (39.2%) | 29 (25.7%) | 0.004 |
| Sarcopenia, n(%) | 0 (0%) | 78 (11%) | 6 (5.9%) | 0.006 |
| Frailty, n(%) | 4 (5.6%) | 70 (9%) | 16 (14.2%) | 0.113 |
| Disability at baseline, n(%) | 4 (5.6%) | 39 (5%) | 6 (5.3%) | 0.968 |
| Disability at 6 years follow-up, n(%) | 4 (6.6%) | 70 (11.9%) | 10 (12.2%) | 0.45 |
| Follow-up (months), mean(SD) | 104.6 (22.3) | 95.6 (28.3) | 90.8 (31.8) | < 0.001 |
| Deaths, n(%) | 15 (21.1%) | 271 (34.8%) | 44 (38.9%) | 0.036 |
| CV-deaths, n(%) | 5 (7.4%) | 111 (14.7%) | 23 (20.7%) | 0.049 |
| Cancer deaths, n(%) | 4 (5.9%) | 60 (8%) | 10 (9%) | 0.753 |
| Respiratory deaths, n(%) | 1 (1.5%) | 20 (2.7%) | 4 (3.6%) | 0.689 |
| AST/ALT ratio | ||||
| Low risk | Interm risk | High risk | p | |
| N (%) | 98 (10.2%) | 248 (25.8%) | 616 (64.0%) | - |
| Age (years), mean(SD) | 70.7 (5) | 72.2 (5.9) | 75.8 (7.1) | < 0.001 |
| Sex (Female), n(%) | 47 (48%) | 122 (49.2%) | 365 (59.3%) | 0.008 |
| BMI (Kg/m2), mean(SD) | 29.5 (3.9) | 28.5 (3.9) | 26.7 (4) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n(%) | 64 (65.3%) | 168 (67.7%) | 404 (65.6%) | 0.819 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, n(%) | 29 (29.6%) | 42 (16.9%) | 62 (10.1%) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min), mean(SD) | 76.3 (18.9) | 72 (19.3) | 60.6 (18) | < 0.001 |
| Smoke (Pack-year), mean(SD) | 17.3 (25.7) | 13.7 (21.2) | 11.2 (19.3) | 0.048 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day), median(IQR) | 16.8 (26.4) | 12 (26.4) | 12 (19.2) | 0.044 |
| Physically Active, n(%) | 43 (44.3%) | 111 (44.9%) | 213 (34.7%) | 0.009 |
| Sarcopenia, n(%) | 0 (0%) | 16 (7%) | 68 (12.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Frailty, n(%) | 5 (5.1%) | 20 (8.1%) | 65 (10.6%) | 0.164 |
| Disability at baseline, n(%) | 6 (6.1%) | 9 (3.6%) | 34 (5.5%) | 0.462 |
| Disability at 6 years follow-up, n(%) | 7 (8.2%) | 13 (6.6%) | 64 (14.3%) | 0.011 |
| Follow-up (months), mean(SD) | 105 (20.5) | 97.3 (28.4) | 93.6 (29.3) | < 0.001 |
| Deaths, n(%) | 20 (20.4%) | 69 (27.8%) | 241 (39.1%) | < 0.001 |
| CV-deaths, n(%) | 6 (6.4%) | 22 (9.1%) | 111 (18.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Cancer deaths, n(%) | 6 (6.4%) | 22 (9.1%) | 46 (7.7%) | 0.674 |
| Respiratory deaths, n(%) | 1 (1.1%) | 8 (3.3%) | 16 (2.7%) | 0.521 |
Groups compared by Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables and by χ2 test for categorical variables. BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate by CKD-EPI formula; CHF, congestive heart failure; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; LDL, low density lipoprotein; hs-CRP, high sensitivity C reactive protein; TNF-alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range.