Table 3. Characteristics and cognitive function of depression patients with residual symptoms, patients without residual symptoms and healthy controls.
| Residual (A) (n = 31) | No-residual (B) (n = 44) | Healthy controls (C) (n = 75) | χ2 or F | p-value | Post-hoc test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, n (%) | 0.808 | 0.668 | ||||
| Male | 13 (41.9) | 14 (31.8) | 27 (36.0) | |||
| Female | 18 (58.1) | 30 (68.2) | 48 (64.0) | |||
| Age (years) | 46.1 ± 12.4 | 45.0 ± 12.0 | 46.1 ± 11.2 | 0.136 | 0.873 | |
| Years of education | 13.0 ± 3.3 | 14.1 ± 2.9 | 14.7 ± 2.7 | 3.860 | 0.023 | C >A |
| Cognitive assessment (BACA) | ||||||
| BACS | ||||||
| Verbal memory | 36.6 ± 10.3 | 40.1 ± 10.9 | 50.7 ± 10.2 | 20.059 | <0.001* | C >A, C >B |
| Working memory | 39.8 ± 9.6 | 47.1 ± 8.8 | 50.4 ± 11.9 | 6.418 | 0.002* | C >A, B >A |
| Motor speed | 37.9 ± 9.7 | 45.6 ± 9.7 | 51.0 ± 11.5 | 13.335 | <0.001* | C >B >A |
| Verbal fluency | 37.9 ± 12.4 | 44.7 ± 8.6 | 52.1 ± 9.3 | 16.907 | <0.001* | C >B >A |
| Attention and processing speed | 32.2 ± 11.8 | 41.5 ± 13.4 | 50.7 ± 10.8 | 20.656 | <0.001* | C >B >A |
| Executive function | 40.1 ± 21.6 | 47.9 ± 9.5 | 48.9 ± 10.5 | 3.614 | 0.030 | C >A, B >A |
| BACS Composite score | 28.2 ± 17.7 | 40.4 ± 12.4 | 50.7 ± 10.7 | 26.133 | <0.001* | C >B >A |
| Affective Processing Test | ||||||
| AIT: total affective words | 40.1 ± 8.7 | 42.6 ± 9.4 | 50.8 ± 10.4 | 12.702 | <0.001* | C >A, C >B |
| AIT: total non-affective words | 34.2 ± 11.1 | 43.4 ± 13.6 | 50.3 ± 10.3 | 15.229 | <0.001* | C >B >A |
| AIT: cued affective words | 42.6 ± 8.9 | 49.8 ± 10.0 | 50.6 ± 10.7 | 5.018 | 0.008 | C >A, B >A |
| AIT: cued non-affective words | 40.2 ± 9.6 | 47.3 ± 9.0 | 50.4 ± 10.7 | 7.360 | 0.001* | C >A, B >A |
| DR: correct affective words | 48.9 ± 8.1 | 53.3 ± 4.8 | 49.7 ± 10.7 | 2.931 | 0.057 | – |
| DR: non-affective correct words | 49.6 ± 5.8 | 50.7 ± 6.4 | 49.8 ± 10.1 | .430 | 0.652 | – |
| DR: affective false alarms | 54.7 ± 10.2 | 50.0 ± 8.7 | 50.7 ± 10.4 | 1.736 | 0.180 | – |
| DR: non-affective false alarms | 55.4 ± 11.0 | 55.3 ± 15.5 | 50.3 ± 10.2 | 1.970 | 0.143 | – |
| EIT: color naming score | 39.6 ± 10.6 | 48.6 ± 12.8 | 51.7 ± 10.0 | 8.208 | <0.001* | C >A, B >A |
| EIT: neutral color word score | 36.5 ± 10.9 | 45.9 ± 14.3 | 51.0 ± 10.1 | 11.164 | <0.001* | C >A, B >A |
| EIT: affective color word score | 37.0 ± 9.4 | 45.3 ± 13.2 | 51.0 ± 10.2 | 12.746 | <0.001* | C >B >A |
| EIT: neutral word score | 38.9 ± 10.3 | 46.0 ± 13.2 | 49.7 ± 9.8 | 7.483 | 0.001* | C >A, B >A |
Notes.
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or n (%). Statistical Value are estimated using MANCOVA (controlling for age, sex and education levels).
- Residual
- the HAMD scores >7
- No-residual
- HAMD scores ≤7
- A
- patients with residual symptoms
- B
- patients without residual symptoms
- C
- healthy controls
Bonferroni correction was used to adjust for multiple testing in the correlation matrix (p-value = 0.05/19 = 0.0026).
*
Significant correlation remains after Bonferroni correction.