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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 4.
Published in final edited form as: Health Aff (Millwood). 2017 Oct 1;36(10):1748–1753. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0260

EXHIBIT 3. Population-based inpatient (1997–2014) and emergency department (ED) (2006–14) discharges for opioid dependence, abuse, and poisonings in the United States.

EXHIBIT 3

SOURCE Authors’ analysis of data for 1997–2014 from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. NOTE Although the exhibit shows discharges per 100,000 people, annual percentage changes (APCs) over time for the different diagnostic groups were estimated using a full-forward Joinpoint regression. Inpatient both, ED both, inpatient dependence only, and inpatient abuse only APCs showed a significant increase (p < 0.001) over the study period. ED dependence APCs showed a significant increase (p < 0.001) between 2006 and 2012. ED abuse APCs showed a significant increase (p < 0.001) between 2008 and 2014.