Table 5.
Bio-acoustic comparison of Microhylairrawaddy sp. nov. with other members of the genus Microhyla
| Species |
Call duration (s) (Mean±SD) |
Call duration (s) (Min–Max) |
Pulses/call (Median±interquartile range) |
Pulses/call (Min–Max) |
Pulse rate, pulses/s (Mean±SD) |
Fpeak, Hz (Mean±SD) |
Fpeak, Hz (Min–Max) |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M. irrawaddy sp. nov. | 0.18±0.07 | 0.004–0.28 | 4±2 | 1–5 | 17.3±1.05 | 3780±350 | 2810–4120 | Present study |
| M. kodial |
0.33±0.07 0.26±0.03 |
0.11–0.42 0.23–0.29 |
6±2 6±0.5 |
2–7 5–7 |
14.97±1.38 18±0.5 |
3752.16±233.06 3800 |
3359.2–4220.5 3800 |
Garg et al., 2019; Vineeth et al., 2018 |
| M. darreli | 0.65±0.06 | 0.59–0.74 | 68±5.5 | 63–78 | 105.6±1.2 | 3600 | 3600 | Garg et al., 2019 |
| M. mymensinghensis | 0.47±0.01 | 0.45–0.48 | 21±1.1 | 19–22 | 43.1±2.9 | 3600±400 | 3500–3600 | Garg et al., 2019 |
| M. nilphamariensis | 0.34±0.02 | 0.31–0.37 | 11±0.8 | 10–12 | 29.6±0.4 | 2300 | 2300 | Garg et al., 2019 |
| M. achatina |
0.38±0.04 0.23±0.07 |
0.26–0.51 0.12–0.29 |
N/A 8±2 |
6–11 4–9 |
21.6±2.6 26.4±1.1 |
2976±143.1 3300±800 |
2718–3375 3200–3400 |
Garg et al., 2019; Kumiati, 2013 |
| M. malang | 0.17±0.04 | 0.10–0.24 | N/A | 4–8 | 30.3±1.4 | 2404±94 | 2250–2530 | Dehling, 2010 Matsui, 2011 |
| M. petrigena | 0.13±0.03 | 0.07–0.18 | 12.1±3* | 6–17 | 89±5 | 4430±322 | 3850–5050 | Dehling, 2010 |
| M. heymonsi |
0.48 0.34±0.09 |
N/A 0.28–0.38 |
N/A N/A |
11 11 |
23*** 25.7±1.6 |
N/A 2367±132 |
1700–3000 N/A |
Garcia–Rutledge & Narins, 2001; Heyer, 1971; Kurniati, 2013 |
| M. borneensis |
0.17±0.04 N/A |
0.10–0.24 0.70–0.73 |
5.7±1.1* N/A |
4–8 2–9 |
30.3±1.4 N/A |
2404±94 N/A |
2250–2530 3000–5500 |
Dehling, 2010 Kurniati, 2013 |
| M. taraiensis | 0.75±0.12 | 0.70–0.91 | N/A | 13–14 | 17.3 | 3305.50±95.46 | 3433–3101 | Khatiwada et al., 2017 |
| M. orientalis |
0.07±0.01 0.06±0.01 |
0.01–0.08 0.04–0.07 |
N/A 5±0.9 |
3–5 3–5 |
N/A 57.7±8.5 |
3400±100 3700 |
3200–3600 3700 |
Garg et al., 2019; Matsui et al., 2013 |
| M. ornata |
0.27±0.02 0.30±0.06 0.28±0.03 0.33±0.02 |
N/A 0.21–0.80 0.21–0.35 0.32–0.38 |
10.9±0.86** 13±1 11±1.75 13±0.4 |
N/A 9–14 9–14 13–14 |
35.5±1.1 41.6±1.5 38.63±1.74 37.3±1.4 |
2600 3100±400 2656.34±103.46 2600 |
N/A 2200–3400 2497.9–2842.4 2600 |
Garg et al., 2019; Kuramoto & Joshy, 2006; Vineeth et al., 2018; Wijayathilaka & Meegaskumbura, 2016 |
|
M. mukhlesuri (as M. ornata) |
N/A | 0.23–0.31 | N/A | 10–18 | 53–60*** | N/A | 1200–3500 | Heyer, 1971 |
| M. sholigari |
0.73±0.04 0.93±0.05 |
0.66–0.82 0.90–1.01 |
63±4 72±3.7 |
56–69 70–79 |
86±3.84 77.3±0.4 |
3673.55±159.54 3400 |
3316.1–3962.1 3400 |
Garg et al., 2019; Vineeth et al., 2018 |
| M. laterite |
0.70±0.05 0.81±0.06 |
0.6–0.85 0.73–0.89 |
90±6.75 104±7 |
79–103 94–113 |
128.24±3.98 128.0±1.2 |
3670.96±97.10 3600±400 |
3531.4–3789.8 3500–3600 |
Garg et al., 2019; Vineeth et al., 2018 |
| M. rubra |
0.17±0.03* 0.13±0.01 |
0.14–0.23 0.12–0.14 |
18±0.2* 11±1 |
15–21 10–12 |
N/A 80.4±3.8 |
2268±43* 2200±700 |
N/A 2000–2200 |
Garg et al., 2019; Kanamadi et al., 1994 |
| M. karunaratnei |
0.87±0.1 0.87±0.13 |
0.7–1.17 0.77–1.00 |
66.5±14, 2 60±13 |
50–95 56–86 |
76.9±5.8 76.1±4.4 |
3300±100 3200±140 |
3100–3400 3100–3400 |
Garg et al., 2019; Wijayathilaka & Meegaskumbura, 2016 |
| M. zeylanica |
1.85±0.12 1.76±0.04 |
1.5–2 1.71–1.80 |
84±5 86±3.6 |
61–92 81–90 |
44.5±3.2 48.4±1.0 |
2600±200 2700±290 |
2200–2900 2300–3000 |
Garg et al., 2019; Wijayathilaka & Meegaskumbura, 2016 |
| M. mihintalei |
0.19±0.02 0.16±0.004 |
0.14–0.25 0.16–0.17 |
13±2.5 12±0.4 |
9–15 11–12 |
58.6±2.8 68.4±2.1 |
2100±400 2300±100 |
1300–2600 2300–2400 |
Garg et al., 2019; Wijayathilaka & Meegaskumbura, 2016 |
| M. butleri | 0.32±0.01 | 0.3–0.35 | 36.4±1.3** | 34–40 | 109±4.5 | 3000±30 | 2900–3000 | Nguyen et al., 2019 |
| M. aurantiventris | 0.14±0.02 | 0.11–0.23 | 17.9±1.45** | 15–26 | 122.7±6.45 | 2100±100 | 1800–2200 | Nguyen et al., 2019 |
| M. marmorata | N/A | N/A | N/A | 9–13 | N/A | 2857±81 | 2756–3015 | Le et al., 2016a |
| M. pulchra | 0.42±0.19 | 0.22–0.84 | N/A | 38–80 | N/A | 2334±44 | 2240–2412 | Le et al., 2016b |
| M. berdmorei | N/A | 0.09–0.26 | N/A | 3–9 | 33–35*** | N/A | 1500–1800 | Heyer, 1971 |
| M. fissipes | 0.24±0.01 | 0.21–0.25 | 15±0.5 | 15–16 | 61.8±0.4 | 3000±100 | 3000–3100 | Garg et al., 2019 |
| M. palmipes | 0.11±0.04 | 0.06–0.16 | 11±3.2 | 6–13 | 79.8±7.6 | 3500±300 | 3400–3500 | Garg et al., 2019 |
Note:N/A: Data not available; *: Mean±SE; **: Mean±SD; ***: Range; Min: Minium; Max: Maximum.