Figure 5.

Effect of F. hepatica Infection on Macrophage Activation. For Experiment 3, MDM were isolated from cattle before and 10 week after F. hepatica infection and then incubated with M. bovis (Mb) (MOI 1 : 1) in vitro for 24 h or left unstimulated. qPCR results show that arginase I mRNA in MDM was upregulated after F. hepatica infection of cattle, in both unstimulated MDM and after Mb stimulation. However, there was a downregulation in iNOS mRNA expression in Mb‐MDM after F. hepatica infection (c) which coincided with reduction in nitric oxide production (b). * = P < 0.05, ** = P < 0.01. Results express mean ± SEM of relative fold change of mRNA (a,c) or μm nitric oxide (b), n = 6.