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. 2016 Mar 2;211(1):172–185. doi: 10.1111/nph.13911

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© 2016 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2016 New Phytologist Trust

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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SUMO3 emerged before radiation of the Brassicaceae crown species. SUMO1 (light blue arrow) and SUMO2 (green arrow) are At‐α syntenic paralogues (black dot) based on collinearity between their genomic regions. Subsequently, a tandem duplication (TD) (red square) occurred at the SUMO2 locus (green and orange arrows) before radiation of the Brassicaceae crown group into three lineages. The phylogenetic tree represents a pruned Brassicaceae family tree with Cleomaceae (Tarenaya hassleriana) as outgroup (blue) and Aethionema arabicum (red) at the base of the Brassicaceae family tree. Various Brassicaceae lack a functional SUMO3 gene as a result of gene deletion, conversion or mutations that affect the reading frame. The Arabidopsis lyrata genome contains, in addition, a hybrid SUMO2‐3 gene.