Figure 3.

Highly expressed pathways in normal-appearing tissue. Purple denotes proteins encoded by upregulated genes, and green denotes downregulated genes. (A) Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase C-θ signaling. Shown are upregulated MHCII, TCR, and downstream RAC genes; also shown is upregulation of the linked NFκB and c-JUN/c-FOS transcription signaling pathways. This suggests ongoing antigen presentation and processing and ongoing antiapoptotic signaling. (B) PPAR-α (peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-α) signaling genes are shown downregulated in normal-appearing tissue. The consequences of the downregulation of PPAR-α are unclear; however, it is a selective negative regulator of T-helper cell type 17 differentiation and positive regulator for regulatory T cells. Thus, consequences could be increased T-helper cell type 17 expression and decreased regulatory T-cell expression.