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. 2019 Aug 1;200(3):370–380. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201807-1361OC

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Copyright © 2019 by the American Thoracic Society

This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Figure 4. — Neuroendocrine signaling pathways in the cavity center. (A) Dopamine receptor signaling in the cavity center showed decreased expression of genes encoding three of the five dopamine and uptake receptors, and the downstream parathyroid hormone and prolactin pathways. (B) Glutamate receptor signaling showed decrease in the expression of the two varieties of receptors: ionotropic (iGluR) and metabotropic receptors. Genes for each iGluR pharmacological class were downregulated: group I genes (GRM1 and GRM5) activate phospholipase C, and both group II (GRM2) and group III (GRM4, GRM7, and GRM8) genes inhibit the cyclic AMP cascade. (C) In synaptic long-term depression, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (gene AMPAR), which works via PLA2 (phospholipase A2) and PKC (protein kinase C), was downregulated, as were PLA2 and PKC. iGluR AMPAR genes, such as GRIA and GRIN, were also downregulated, as were genes encoding the vesicular glutamate transporters SLC17A and SLC1A6/7. The related calcium signaling is shown in Figure E7. GluR = glutamate receptor; mGluR = metabotropic glutamate receptor; PRL = prolactin; PTH = parathyroid hormone.