Table 3.

Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) for factors associated with perinatal mortality at hospitals, Kigali, Rwanda, 18 July 2012 to 8 May 2013

Variables	Crudes analysesa		Adjusted analysesa
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Socioeconomic determinants
Maternal residence
Urban	Reference
Rural	4.15	1.88–9.16	3.31	1.43–7.61
Maternal education
Secondary or higher	Reference
Primary	1.17	0.82–1.68	0.73	0.51–2.57
No formal education	1.92	0.93–3.96	1.15	0.47–1.13
Household wealthb
Richer	Reference
Middle	1.34	0.89–2.00	1.34	0.86–2.10
Poorer	1.74	1.18–2.57	1.53	0.96–2.46
Type of insurance
Community	Reference
State and other insurancesc	0.46	0.25–0.84	0.49	0.25–0.95
Not insured	2.08	0.96–4.50	2.11	0.91–4.89
Proximate determinants
Maternal age at childbirth (years)
<20	1.22	0.61–2.41	1.14	0.57–2.29
20–34	Reference
>34	1.92	1.25–2.93	1.93	1.23–3.02
Parity
0	1.15	0.82–1.61
1–4	Reference
>4	1.35	0.71–2.57
Sex of child
Male	1.12	0.82–1.53
Female	Reference

^aConditional logistic regression performed for analysis of perinatal mortality risks. This type of logistic regression is adapted for a matched case–control study 19. In crude analysis, all factors were included separately in models. In adjusted analysis, socio‐economic factors (maternal education and residence, household wealth, health insurance status) were included simultaneously in model and adjusted for maternal age.

^bHousehold wealth was assessed using an asset index developed through principal component analysis 18, which provided individual scores for households’ possessions and facilities reported by mothers. The scores were divided into quintiles. Two highest quintiles were considered as ‘richer’, the middle quintile as ‘middle’ and the two lowest quintiles as ‘poorer’.

^cOther insurances: military medical and private insurances.