Table 2.
Mean concentrations (μM) and standard errors of the means (μM) for individual metabolites at each time point.
| Metabolite | 0 h Mean (n = 15) |
0 h SE |
24 h Mean (n = 11) |
24 h SE |
48 h Mean (n = 8) |
48 h SE |
72 h Mean (n = 5) |
72 h SE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2-Hydroxybutyrate | 14.0 | 0.7 | 22.3 | 2.1 | 27.3 | 2.9 | 34.1 | 5.9 |
| 3-Hydroxybutyrate | 3.2 | 0.7 | 4.5 | 0.4 | 9.1 | 2.5 | 8.0 | 2.0 |
| Acetate | 23.3 | 1.8 | 11.2 | 1.3 | 8.1 | 1.0 | 7.1 | 1.3 |
| Acetoacetate | 2.8 | 0.7 | 4.5 | 0.8 | 4.6 | 0.8 | 7.0 | 1.9 |
| Acetone | 2.2 | 0.3 | 8.7 | 5.8 | 17.1 | 2.4 | 24.0 | 8.2 |
| Alanine | 65.9 | 4.3 | 77.5 | 7.2 | 43.8 | 1.3 | 33.8 | 6.3 |
| Betaine | 44.7 | 3.5 | 31.3 | 4.9 | 10.5 | 1.3 | 4.1 | 1.1 |
| Carnitine | 1.7 | 0.3 | 4.0 | 0.6 | 4.3 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 0.5 |
| Choline | 2.3 | 0.3 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 2.3 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 0.3 |
| Creatine | 25.0 | 5.1 | 151.9 | 18.0 | 133.0 | 25.6 | 67.2 | 8.7 |
| Creatine phosphate | 5.3 | 0.6 | 9.0 | 1.0 | 10.8 | 3.8 | 7.6 | 1.5 |
| Creatinine | 14.9 | 0.9 | 19.8 | 2.2 | 20.0 | 5.5 | 10.4 | 1.4 |
| Glucose | 697.4 | 45.3 | 669.2 | 43.8 | 653.4 | 63.9 | 514.7 | 55.9 |
| Glutamate | 23.9 | 2.0 | 22.4 | 2.2 | 20.1 | 3.2 | 15.3 | 1.3 |
| Glutamine | 38.0 | 4.0 | 33.1 | 3.4 | 26.6 | 5.1 | 16.5 | 1.5 |
| Glycine | 140.7 | 10.2 | 78.2 | 9.0 | 43.1 | 5.3 | 36.5 | 8.4 |
| Histamine | 12.3 | 0.7 | 19.0 | 1.3 | 15.8 | 3.0 | 9.8 | 1.0 |
| Hypoxanthine | 3.6 | 0.3 | 4.8 | 0.4 | 6.0 | 0.6 | 4.5 | 0.8 |
| Isobutyrate | 1.9 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 0.2 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 0.1 |
| Isoleucine | 14.2 | 0.7 | 23.8 | 2.4 | 27.5 | 3.0 | 35.5 | 6.2 |
| Isovalerate | 2.0 | 0.3 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 5.3 | 0.8 | 5.3 | 1.0 |
| Lactate | 458.1 | 35.6 | 285.4 | 31.7 | 187.3 | 35.2 | 139.8 | 9.7 |
| Leucine | 21.4 | 1.5 | 31.4 | 3.2 | 21.2 | 2.5 | 20.2 | 5.8 |
| Lysine | 10.3 | 1.1 | 17.8 | 1.8 | 20.2 | 2.5 | 17.0 | 4.9 |
| Malonate | 11.4 | 0.9 | 14.6 | 1.8 | 7.0 | 0.8 | 4.0 | 1.2 |
| Mannose | 5.5 | 0.6 | 9.8 | 0.9 | 9.2 | 0.8 | 10.4 | 1.2 |
| Methionine | 6.1 | 1.0 | 7.1 | 0.6 | 3.5 | 0.5 | 3.9 | 1.3 |
| N-Acetylglucosamine | 2.2 | 0.6 | 4.4 | 0.8 | 7.0 | 1.4 | 8.8 | 2.8 |
| O-Phosphocholine | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.1 |
| Phenylalanine | 18.5 | 1.3 | 34.1 | 2.6 | 34.0 | 5.4 | 29.8 | 7.4 |
| Proline | 16.3 | 2.9 | 19.6 | 3.2 | 11.2 | 1.8 | 10.0 | 2.3 |
| Propylene glycol | 6.7 | 1.8 | 9.6 | 3.0 | 18.7 | 4.0 | 27.0 | 9.5 |
| Pyruvate | 21.3 | 2.2 | 16.9 | 2.1 | 10.0 | 0.8 | 8.2 | 0.9 |
| Succinate | 2.8 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 |
| Threonine | 17.2 | 1.4 | 21.5 | 2.8 | 19.6 | 1.8 | 14.7 | 2.6 |
| Trimethylamine-N-oxide | 4.7 | 1.4 | 5.4 | 1.4 | 5.5 | 1.4 | 5.3 | 1.8 |
| Tyrosine | 10.7 | 0.5 | 20.3 | 1.6 | 13.9 | 1.2 | 13.7 | 2.5 |
| Valine | 35.6 | 1.6 | 59.1 | 4.9 | 49.3 | 5.3 | 57.5 | 12.6 |
Concentrations are not adjusted for dilution with buffer. Kruskal-Wallis testing was used to test whether concentrations changed significantly over time. Bold text indicates statistical significance with Bonferroni correction (p < 0.0013). Italicized text indicates statistical significance at p < 0.05. Plain text indicates no statistical significance.