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. 2019 Jul 20;24(14):2640. doi: 10.3390/molecules24142640

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Neuroprotective mechanisms of AST. NR2B: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 2B, Chemokine R: Chemokine receptor, HO-1: heme oxygenase-1, GST-α1: glutathione-s-transferase-α1, NQO-1: NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1, MDA: malondialdehyde, ARE: antioxidant response elements, PI3K/AKT: phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/AKT, p-ERK/ERK: phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinase/extracellular regulated protein kinase ratio, MIF: macrophage migration inhibitory factor, ICAM1: Intercellular adhesion molecule 1, MMP: Matrix metallopeptidase, TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha, NOS: Nitric oxide synthase, COX: Cyclooxygenase, IL: Interlukine, Bax/Bcl2: Bax/Bcl2 ratio, and AST: astaxanthin.