Table 1.
Foraging behaviour and daily dry matter (DM) intake of wild boar and domesticated pigs with access to pasture (review of 22 studies from 2001 to 2018).
| Pig Type/Pig Breed | Liveweight Range (kg) | Initial Age | Concentrate Level (kg DM/d) | Pasture Crop | Rooting (% Time) | Grazing (% Time) | Daily Pasture DMI (g/d) | Daily Total DMI (g/d) | Daily Gain (g/d) | F:G | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR | 40–90 | 0.088 × BW0.75 0.061 × BW0.75 |
Legumes/forbs | 880 1550 |
2920 2920 |
646 527 |
3.14 2.64 |
[76] | |||
| PR | 14.5 48.6 |
R-85% | Clover/forbs | 97 208 |
2.66 3.03 |
[84] | |||||
| DP | 30–60 | 1.26 | Grass/clover | 372 | 1710 | 544 | 3.16 | [85] | |||
| LW × LL | 30–110 | 76 d | 1.4–2.8 1.6–3.2 |
Grass/clover | 307 219 |
2121 2162 |
879 912 |
3.2 3.3 |
[86] | ||
| (LL × LW) × DD | 58–90 | ≈2.2 kg (20.5 vs. 10.7% CP) |
Grass/lucerne | 15.5–44.4 | 3.6–10.6 | 330–470 lucerne | 589–900 | 2.5–3.8 | [87] | ||
| LW × LL | 27 | 56 d | R-80% | Grass (kikuyu) | 102 (OM) | 1094 (OM) | [88] | ||||
| (LL × YY) × DD (LL × YY) TT |
33.7 | 88 d | 50%, 80%, 115% NA | Grass clover w. herbs/root chicory | 18–40% | 6–9% | 1750–2000 (conc.) | 648–863 | 2.78–3.25 | [89,90] | |
| (LL × YY) × DD | 61–110 64–86 |
126 d | Ad libitum vs. R |
Jerusalem artichokes | 3.9% 4.5% |
1.1% 7.9% |
4260 (conc.) 1039 (conc.) |
1224 560 |
3.50 1.66 |
[91] | |
| (LW × LL) × DD | 27–90 | Ad libitum | Clover | 2.23% | 5.65% | 2370–2440 (conc.) | 800–830 | 2.92–2.98 | [92,93] | ||
| CS × LW + hybrid |
40–150 | Indoor Free-range Organic |
920 860 760 |
2.70 3.11 2.90 |
[94] | ||||||
| CB × DD | 56 | Ad libitum | Grass/clover | 100 (OM) | 2290 (OM) | [95] | |||||
| Iberian | 112 | None | Dehesa: Oaks and shrubs + grassland | 61.3–71.2% | 380–490 (grass) 3090–3630 (AK) |
3470–4120 | 760 | 5.23 | [20,51] | ||
| Iberian | 110–158 | 12 m | None | Dehesa: Oaks and shrubs + grassland | 61.5% | 500 (grass) 2900 (AK) |
3400 | 790 | 4.00 (AK) + 0.7 (grass) | [96] | |
| LL × LW | 50–81 | 14 w | NA 80% NA |
Grass/clover | 5.8% 8.5% |
30.0% 33.6% |
811 (conc.) 868 (conc.) |
812 686 |
3.36 3.19 |
[97] | |
| WB (LW × LL) × WB |
15–58 54–242 |
81 d 81 d |
R1AG | Grass/clover | 6.4% 0.6% |
37% 17% |
354 446 |
1536 4090 |
179.8 758 |
3.7 2.7 |
[6] |
| WB (LL × LW) × WB |
10 31 |
3 m | R1AG | Grass/clover | 87 70 |
667 1635 |
198 608 |
2.7 2.8 |
[98] | ||
| WB | 18.8 | R1AG | Grass Forb |
210–418 226–550 |
227 | [53] | |||||
| WB | 14.4 | 120 d | R1AG | No pasture Grass/clover |
- 158 |
671 (conc.) 1007 |
224 303 |
3.33 2.33 |
[63] | ||
| WB | 18.3 | R1AG | Grass/clover | 42% | 242 | 251 | 2.47 | [62] |
DMI: DM intake, F:G: Supplemental feed (DM) to gain ratio (unless other feed stated), PR: Pampa Rocha, DP: Domestic pig, LW: Large White, LL: Landrace, DD: Duroc, YY: Yorkshire, TT: Tamworth, CS: Cinta Senese, CB: Camborough, WB: wild boar, BW: body weight, R: restricted, CP: crude protein, NA: normal allowance, R1AG: Restricted to 1 h after grazing, OM: organic matter, AK: acorn kernel, conc.: concentrate.