Table 2.
Summary of recent literature on ATRP modifications of lignin.
| Lignin Source | Monomers (Representative) | Catalyst system and Conditions | Application | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kraft lignin from Westvaco Corp (Ingevity Corp) (Charleston, SC) |
|
ATRP: CuBr/PMDTA in water/DMF at 50 °C | Thermoresponsive materials | [72] |
| Organosolv lignin, Lignol Corporation |
|
ATRP: CuBr/Me6TREN in THF at 65 °C | Hydrophobic polymer composites | [73] |
| Kraft lignin from Westvaco Corp (Ingevity Corp) (Charleston, SC) |
|
ATRP: CuBr/PMDTA in water/DMF at 80 °C | Thermoplastic elastomers | [74] |
| Softwood Kraft lignin, Ingevity Corp. (Charleston, SC) |
|
SI-ATRP: CuCl/HMTETA in water at room temperature | Ionic-responsive nanofibrous mats | [75] |
| Kraft lignin (alkali), Tokyo Chemical Industry, Co. |
|
ATRP: CuCl/bpy or CuBr/PMDETA in DMF at 100 °C | Thermoplastic lignin composites | [76,77] |
| Kraft lignin (alkali), Sigma-Aldrich |
|
ATRP: CuBr/HMTETA in 1,4-dioxane at 60–70 °C | Thermogelling copolymers | [78] |
| Kraft lignin (alkali), Shuntai Technology Corp. (Huaihua, Hunan, China) |
|
ATRP: CuBr/PMDTA in DMF at 70 °C | CO2 responsive nanoparticles for Pickering emulsions | |
| Kraft lignin (alkali), Sigma-Aldrich |
|
ATRP: CuBr/HMTETA in acetone at room temperature | Supramolecular hydrogels/self-healing materials | [79] |
| Lignin, Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd. |
|
AGET ATRP: FeCl3.6H2O/PPh3/ascorbic acid in DMF at 110 °C for St and 90 °C for MMA | Novel polymerization method | [80] |
| Kraft lignin (alkali), Sigma-Aldrich |
|
CuBr/HMTETA in 1,4-dioxane at 65 °C | Gene delivery | [81] |